

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



rAuGt 



ST 



2 ^ 1 55 



have 



beer 



^ld^oly lead to bad results, by the pretence that 

 the evil has been due to sulphur dredging. < 



We ourselves bear testimony that foreign Hops 

 produced ill-flavoured and unwholesome 

 J an establishment celebrated in general 

 throughout its neighbourhood for the excellency of 

 its brewing, and we strongly suspect that some- 

 thing of the kind has taken place where the 

 blame has been laid upon the sulphur. At any rate 

 the Hop factors/ if they have recourse to^ such 

 an extreme measure as to refuse to buy Hops without 

 a certificate that they have been grown without 

 sulphur, are bound to give circumstantially the data 

 upon which their manifesto is grounded, and except 

 the names be stated of the several brewers who pro- 

 fess to have suffered, and of the Hop growers from 

 whom they purchased, together with precise figures, 

 capable of verification by any one who has the 

 necessary practical knowledge of the subject, no 

 reliance can be placed upon the manifesto. If the 

 matter is capable of proof, the sooner it is proved 

 the better; but if nothing appears beyond assertion, 

 it is impossible not to suspect a wilful mis-state- 

 ment of facts somewhere. 



The same prejudice which, as we all know, 

 was so long successfully opposed to the general in- 

 troduction of vaccination, and to so many other 

 important discoveries, will to the end of time be 

 opposed to every suggestion for the relief of any widely 

 spread evil. The general introduction of sulphur 

 dredging or washing in some of its forms would, 

 beyond doubt, have long since saved an infinity of 

 suffering in the wine districts ; but a multitude of 

 prejudices in those countries are against anything 

 new, and the public benefactor who proposes them 

 may fall a victim to some accusation of poisoning 

 the people, or of flying in the face of Providence. 

 It is quite certain that sulphur dredging has been 

 a great boon to the Hop grower, and we must make 

 it our business to see that he is not sacrificed either 

 to ignorance or malice. M. J. B. 



of aspect and shelter were most conspicuous. 

 fact, had not the ordinary thermometers shown that 

 the minima of temperature greatly differed, these 

 trees— real living thermometers as sensitive as those 

 of the philosophical instrument maker— would have 



* 



In a low part of the 



plainly indicated it 



To begin with the Bay. 

 Botanic Garden, where the temperature was ascer- 

 tained to have been + 3° on the north side of a 

 wall and —1° away from all shelter, the Bays 

 almost all died. But it was different in a part of 

 the garden called the Bosquet de Narcisse, where a 

 swell of the ground raised the surface about 6 yards ; 

 here the Bays suffered little ; a few were scorched, 

 but the foliage of most of them remained green. 

 At this place the thermometer did not fall lower 

 than + 6i Q . Undoubtedly in the Bosquet de 

 Narcisse the Bays were sheltered by high Cypresses 

 and great Celtises ; but in a neighbouring garden 



little, although not at all 



the low part of the 



New Plants. 



139. LlLIUM NAPALENSE. D.Don. Wn)U,l n 



-rar., Hi. t 291. ^ ?lt * 



A small single-flowered bulb, with altera i 

 late leaves Flower nodding, with revolut^l^ ,8 • 

 ments as long as the tube. Stamens shorteT^^ 

 flower, with deep orange. coloured pollen a * 

 to Dr. Wallich the flowers aredull yellow- i *? 

 cimen before us they are greenish, much s^iSS 

 purple inside. It is from a very weak bulb nwL2 



C*. 





Few things have more perplexed gardeners than 

 the different degree in which the same species of 

 plant has been affected by frost in the same locality. 

 The last two winters have afforded abundant 

 examples of plants destroyed and unharmed in the 

 same garden, or park, or village, under what have 

 been thought to be identical circumstances. Many 

 of these cases have appeared to be so little expli- 

 cable by differences of temperature, that he who 

 would interpret such phenomena has been obliged 

 in some instances to assume that different individuals 

 of the same species possess different degrees of 

 vitality, w T hich renders some more able than others 

 to resist a low temperature. 



We find in the " Revue Horticole " some valuable 

 observations upon this point, by M. Charles Mar- 

 tins, who has very carefully studied as a physicist* 

 the effects of the two last winters at Montpellier. 

 Without denying that the vital power of individuals 

 differs considerably, he has nevertheless sought to 

 explain the phenomena which were presented to 

 him by reference to mere differences in temperature; 

 and we cannot do better than give a concise account 

 of the result of his inquiries. 



In the first place he points out the great differ- 

 ences in temperature which are known to occur in 

 places quite contiguous to each other, but which are 

 unsuspected by the ordinary observer. By way of 

 illustration he takes some details supplied by M. 

 Renou from Vendome in 1852. The valley of 

 Huchingy, about a mile and a half from that place, is 

 SOOyards wide, and bordered by little eminences only 

 40 yards high. In this place it is always found that 

 the winter temperature, when the wind is in the 



they suffered very 

 sheltered. Moreover, in 



garden the Bays died, although they were sheltered. 

 In short they escaped wherever there was any rise 

 of the ground. Hence it appears that the difference 

 of a few yards in the level affects temperature so 

 much as to produce entirely different effects upon 

 vegetation. M. Martins remarked, however, that 

 Bays stronger than the rest escaped the frost in the 

 midst of others that died. 



It was the same with the Olive trees. In low 

 places where the thermometer fell to — 1° they 

 perished down to the old limbs. In a place pro- 

 tected from the north by a house they only lost their 

 leaves. In all the district between Montpellier and 

 Nismes the Olive trees of the plain suffered more or 

 less, and had to be cut back, while those on the low 

 hills sustained no injury. None of these hills are 

 above 60 yards high and many much lower. There 

 was a pair of young Olive trees (Olivettes) planted 

 near each other, but with a difference of elevation 

 between them of 10 yards only ; in one the leaves 

 were all scorched, in the other they were scarcely 

 hurt. Many cases of the same kind were observed 

 in other places. These facts appear to establish a 





to the Horticultural Society by" the East Ind™ 

 pany, and which opened on the 16th July Z^t 

 note has been made. The Indian drawing rtm_ 

 the flower to be 5 inches long, and tlri^correwS! 

 with Dr. Wallich's account and our wild sw2!!? 

 As soon as it gets into health, it will no douht^ 

 a valuable addition to our hardy Lilies. It neter 

 to grow more than' 2 or 3 feet high. Odour it hu 

 worth mentioning. 



140. Strophanthus capensis. Alp7t.DeCmd.Proc 

 viii. 4 1 9. Christya speciosa. Ward md Bmn 1 

 Book. Journ. Bot., iv. 134, t. 21. ^ m 



A greenhouse shrub, with obovate convex rertidilttc 

 leaves, and short dichotomous panicles of flowtn, The 

 corolla is funnel-shaped, with five long narrow bhntyk 

 yellow lobes marked with deep orange at the W 

 where also, namely at the orifice of the tribe,. ^ H 

 small acuminate teeth standing in pairs. It has flowed 

 in a glass wall in the garden of the HortienltBnl 

 Society, where it was received from Messrs. Backlwc*. 

 In what respect this plant can have been suppoged ^ 

 differ from Strophanthus we are unable to discont, 

 The stigma is cylindrical as in that genus, and by » 

 means of the form represented in the Journal of Boar 

 In every particular it, in fact, agrees with the d 

 tion of S. capensis, a plant we have not seen, except in 

 the number of its leaves being usually four, not tee, 

 in a whorl, and in its corolla-teeth being acute, 

 blunt ; differences which are probably unimportyt, 

 even if real. The calycine scales are exactly soch n 

 Prof. Alph, De Candolle assigns to his plant. 





general law that "cold is most injurious in low 

 places where radiation is most intense in conse- 

 quence of tlie tranquillity of the air, and least 

 injurious in exposed places where the agitation of 

 the air opposes the effects of radiation." 



Fig trees and Pomegranates presented the same 



general results. 



Hence M. Martins infers that one of the first 



duties of a gardener is to make himself acquainted 

 with local climates, the differences among which 



are far greater than is generally imagined. For 



| example, there occur in the Botanical Garden of 

 Montpellier no fewer than four local climates. 

 1° The coldest in winter and hottest in summer ; this 

 is the lowest place unsheltered to the north and 

 west, and only protected to the east by some tall 

 trees. 2° A space to the north of this, protected by 

 houses and walls ; it is not so cold, but as hot as the 



first. 3° The Botanical arrangement, sheltered on 

 the north by an Orangery and greenhouse, sur- 

 rounded by trees and buildings, and overlooked on 

 the south-west by tho hill du Peyrou ; this is not so 

 cold in winter, but excessively hot in summer. 

 4° The Bosquet - de Narcisse and other elevated 

 places ; here the climate is more equable, less cold in 

 winter, less hot in summer. The mildest place of all 

 is the south slope of a little artificial mound, 

 occupied by evergreen Oaks, Aleppo Pines, 

 Loquats, &c. 



These circumstances appear to be deserving of 

 notice. 





north, is from 5° to 15° lower than at Vendome. 



For instance, Jan. 24, 1852, the temperature at 



Vendome was 26°, and at Huchingy at the same 



hour 21°. Feb. 21, Vendome, 26°, Huchingy, 19°. 



March 4, Vendome, 28£°, Huchingy, 17A°. Finally, 



on the 20th of April, while the air of Vendome was 



30°, the thermometer fell at Huchinny to 15°. 



Such differences, he remarks, are the necessary 



consequence of the laws of heat, and it would be 



most surprising if they did not exist. An observer 



of the weather who should announce his having 



remarked the same temperature in the centre and 



e ™ ons of a town, on the north and south sides of 



a hill, in a low place and en a height, would gain 



little credence from those who understand these 



subjects. Gardeners are most especially those 



who should appreciate and provide against such 

 differences. 



As an example of their effect, M. Martins cites 

 the following instances, which occurred this last 

 spring at Montpellier to the Sweet Bavs, Olive 

 trees, and Fig trees Of these plants some perished 

 while othe rs escaped, and it was here that the effects 



for they show that in addition to the well- 

 known protection afforded by walls and aspects, a 

 very important practical effect is produced by such 

 slight elevations as even a few yards ; a point too 

 often very little attended to in forming a garden, 

 and very possibly the cause of some of the apparently 

 conflicting results obtained by those who have re- 

 corded the effect of cold upon exotic trees. Most 

 especially are they important as demonstrating the 

 fallacy of thinking that a place'is warm in winter 

 because it is low, and cold at the same season 

 because it is high. The defect of M. Martins' 

 observations seems f to us to consist in his taking no 

 account of the drainage of the places described by 

 him* 



We understand that Sir W. J. Hooker, Dr. Royle,. 

 Mr. Bentham, and Mr. Wentworth Dilke, the four 

 Fellows of the Horticultural Society of London who 

 a short time since formed a deputation to the Impe- 

 rial and Central Society of Horticulture in Paris, 

 have been elected corresponding members of the 

 latter body. The Council of the London Society 

 have ordered a similar compliment to be paid to our 

 French Horticultural friends as soon as the forma- 

 lities required by the English charter can be com- 

 plied with after the autumnal recess. 



VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY,-No. LXXXT. 



354. Phylloptosis, Carpoptosis, ANTHOPIOSls(fau«r 



the Leaf, Fruit, Flower).— When organs have i 

 their functions it is natural that decay should 

 mence, and necessary, if the organism is to cow* 

 in life and to repeat the same cycle of foirt* 

 that the effete organs should make way for od* 

 Organs so abundant, and in general bo iix&f* 

 sable as leaves, which answer not only the pap 

 of lungs but promote other material processes, a* 

 not remain long on the tree after they taj £ 

 formed their functions without inconvenienced w 

 fall renews in some measure the waste of the m ** 

 to the absorption of its nutritious natter Dya* 

 spongelets. In some cases their fall is a w Fa- 

 ther* being no provision by which separa wu» ■* 

 rally take place, the lamina remains *^jr 

 stalk till it is torn into strips by the win , «dj 

 mately dries or rots off. Whef€^»»«J} 

 aa in the Melon,* their decay is a taJJ l-JJJ 

 mischief, insomuch that it is often d^g 

 cases where it is absolutely necessary to , to J£J 

 for the sake of procuring a freer «™'^ 1 ; * 

 transmission of light, to leave a ^ffi* 

 lamina upon the petiole, as decay m such a ca=e 



place far less rapidly. . , ^ fcr 



P 355. la many cases, however be £» £• /^ 

 a tolerably clean section passing tbrougn ^ 

 tissues and the inclosed vascular bundles. , 



gradually loses its natural hue, ^"f'^^r^l: 

 reddish tints from a chemical change latle^ 



the tissues dry up and refuse to 7^%^ bt » 

 any longer, the sap ceases to «°* » D ,,. wk tf 

 accustomed channels, till at le»g* * e " \ m * 

 retain their vitality and tho* |wk k* » j 



contact ; separation takes place, ana » ^ 

 Now there is no process of mfl "^J"^ oU** 

 as we can ascertain, by which the ne ^ , £ 

 are separated, as in the hmb ot so eS0 g 

 tion of which has been injured, and n* l ^ 

 passed into a state of mort.ficat.on 



decTy-g^stso ^^J^l * $ 



adjacent vital organs omy, "' which tbeorg«^ 

 some peculiarity of structure ^by ^sta* ^ ^J 



to possess an articulat.ng P*£"* jted 1**5 

 tissues part at that pomt It „_...„«*•? 



some peculiarity v» °«- - 



to possess an articulat.ng process 



art at that point 1« » 

 rhat the cells at the plane of ^ ^ #** 

 and that the scar is subsequent!) .en -jj 



but this requires confirmation. HeJ^ ~J 



presence of tabular cells jjyj^Jk, {*« 

 Lj „w« «.♦.«• the cork cells ot m«= of &*» 



composite. The tra^m^n - r ^ j 

 impend, and at length -j^ and foa^ 





Zleaf U hangs loose upon £ •£- f^ 

 Lave in vain endeavoured te ► conn . «gS" 



which I am inclined to *f " tion of bjf 

 other analogous cases, tf > thesep j« ^ 



different sizes from ^' * h ' c W "ft >J 

 a following article. A^J, the scarj^ 

 place i n the superficalj^ — ^ 



thrown off at the b^dg %%>wl*^ 



frequently the deaa l«af£ ■» *. w & the w*> 

 rapidly affected, and witUm a 











