5, 1855.] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



621 















^i^TThe services of the men after their return, 

 Sil his crop was secured. To try and punish them 



, ter tha t was a mean-spirited thing in the master, and 

 r. t he s h uld succeed in his attempt proves, under the 

 Circumstances, so far as they have been published, un- 

 sound judgment in the magistrate.] 



risk of over-doing it, and of inflicting injury on them- 

 selves* 



MAPPINGS PRUNING KNIVES IN EVERY VARIETY, 



Warranted Good by the Makers. 



£octetteg. 



— + 



Tyneside, August 28. — Demands upon the Farmer. 

 At this Society's show held at Hexham, Mr. Grey, of 

 Bilston stated the two great requirements made of the 

 farmer 'by the wants of the age. 1. To increase the 

 produce of his lan<l. 2. To diminish the expenditure by 

 which that produce is obtained. Owing to emigration, 

 to the distressing war in which we were engaged, and to 

 other circumstances, there had been a falling off in the 

 supply of labourers— a destitution in the labour market ; 

 and if more produce was to be extorted from the soil 

 it must be by liberality and judgment in its cultivation 

 and by (what it was the main object of this society's 

 exhibitions to promote) the introduction of the most 

 productive and profitable stock. To agricultural 

 societies like the Tyneside much gratitude was due for 

 the stimulus which they had given to increased pro- 

 duction ; and they must all rejoice that the recent meet- 

 ing of the Royal Society in Carlisle had proved 

 a most successful one. Many important machines had 

 been exhibited and tried. The reaping machine, now 

 so much a desideratum, had not, so far, been productive 

 of any great effects in agriculture. Many failures and 

 lisappointments had marked the persevering efforts to 

 Iring it into use. In the present harvest, however, such 

 had been the weather for some time past, that farmers were 

 not in a condition to use any other machine than the old- 

 fashioned one of the sickle — not even the scythe. But 

 if, at Carlisle, no decided step had been gained as to 

 the reaper, other machines had been tried successfully 

 and conclusively. The chairman had referred to the 

 threshing machine ; and truly it was surprising, as Mr. 

 Errington had remarked, to see farmers — large farmers 

 straining and wearing the sinews of their horses, 

 when a little fuel and a little steam would do the work 

 so much more effectually and economically. (Hear, 

 hear.) In this respect, however, progress was being 

 made, for farmers were mending their ways ;and it was 

 important to knosv one economical result of a competi- 

 tion between two threshing machines at Carlisle — 

 namely, that the one consumed one-third less fuel than 

 the other in doing the same amount of work. The more 

 such machines were used, the more they would be im- 

 proved. Then, again, there was the plough. It was 

 found that a plough made by that eminent manufacturer, 

 Eansome, did its work with one-third less power than 

 another, whose work was done about as well. Was not 

 that an important fact ? If two ploughs of one kind 

 could do the work of three of another, every farmer 

 must see the extraordinary saving which accompanied 

 the use of the superior implement ; or if one plough 

 could turn up a furrow of 9 inches, and the other a 

 furrow of only 6, was not the former a great desidera- 

 tum as compared with the other ? The importance of 

 a deep cultivation of the soil had often been impressed 

 on the agricultural mind ; and in seeking a deep founda- 

 tion for their manures, the most economical means 

 should be used. If, to vary the illustration, two acres 

 could be made, without additional cost, to bear the pro- 

 duce of three, was not k that preferable to the cultivation 

 of 3 acres, and the attainment of the produce only of 

 the two ? Many desirable things have been brought 

 under notice at Carlisle ; and one thing, which was 

 very desirable, was the collection of the best possible 

 information as to the science and practice of agricul- 

 ture. When, however, prophets came from a distance 

 to lecture the farmers of any district on their usages, 

 they should be sure that they knew what they were 

 talking about. The farmers of the north had been 

 called to account for their deficiency in hay-making. 

 They were told that their hay should have been in stack 

 three days after it was cut, and that the antiquated 

 practice of putting hay in pikes should be discarded. 

 He should like teachers of agriculture to come to the 

 north, and serve an apprenticeship in our climate, 

 before they again gave lectures on hay-making. They 

 would soon find their fallacies overthrown by the sea- 

 sons. Mr. Mechi lived in a dry climate. His farm 

 was not watered by one-half— probably not one-third 

 the rain which fell in the north of England. Were he 

 to make hay in the north as he made it in the south, 

 he would find himself in possession of a mass of rotten- 

 ness. Mr. Mechi farmed a poor soil, which, generously 

 dealt with, yielded large crops. The same system, if 

 followed here, as Mr. Mechi recommended, would prove 

 ruinous. He (Mr. Grey) farmed a little himself, and 

 he had tried various experiments. He had applied 

 artificial manures in the manner advised. And what 

 w as the result? Heavy rains had fallen, and his 

 failures were washed away and lost. The produce was 

 l ^erior to that of his lighter crops. He was not one 

 w ho advised the farmer to be niggardly in his manage- 

 me nt, but only to be judicious as well as liberal. Those 

 gentlemen who came into the north— in a spirit that 

 could not be too highly commended— to instruct the 

 wmers of tho district in agriculture, should be told 

 «**t their systems, however good and profitable in 

 aurrey r Cambridge, or evVon the Welds of York- 

 ire, were not applicable to this more northern part of 

 £ n g and, or to Tweedside. Were they to do in the 

 01 th as they did in the south, they would run ereat 



Manchester and Liverpool. — At the annual meet- 

 ing of this Society, held last week, Lord Stanley, who 

 presided, made the following remarks in reference to 

 the history and progress of agriculture : — 



England ranks among the first of the nations of the earth. 

 We have intelligence, we have industry, we have wealth, we 

 have public order, we have science. One requisite, and one 

 thing only is wanting to our greatness. Now, what is that weak 

 point? I will tell you. It is narrow area and circumscriLed 

 territory. No nation materially and morally so great is terri- 

 torially confined within such narrow limits. (Hear.) It appears 

 that we cannot extend the national area ; there are no unoccupied 

 lands near us ; colonisation at home is impossible, and the days 

 of conquest are gone by ; and the only resource, therefore, that 

 remains to us, if we cannot extend our territory, and if at the 

 same time its smallness is the only limit of our power as a nation 

 — is the principal limit of our power as a nation— to do what is 

 equivalent to extending our territory, by increasing the produc- 

 tive power of the soil within the same area. It is for that object 

 — an object within our power by many applications of the 

 scientific means known to us all to attain — it is for this object 

 that nations have quarrelled, that battles have been fought, that 

 blood has been shed, that countless treasure has been wasted ; and 

 that object, I say, is within our power to obtain by applying the 

 resources of science. I do not speak of continental competition ; 

 from that I fear little, but there is another kind of competition 

 to which we are even now exposed, and to which we shall be 

 more exposed than we are— I- mean to that of the new world. 

 If we are permanently to hold our own against countries 

 like the United States and Canada, against countries where 

 you can buy land out and out for little more than one-fourth of 

 the price per acre for which you rent it in this country — I say 

 our only chance, our only hope of retaining our national position 

 as against this new competition— the only chance of holding our 

 heads above water— is to apply mechanical aid and use the 

 resources of science to an extent of which we have never hitherto 

 dreamt. Now, what are the practical changes necessary to bring 

 about that state of things ? There is one particularly which I 

 would venture to lay down with all confidence. I think that land in 

 this country ought to be easier and freer to buy and sell than it is. 

 You may be told there are legal difficulties in the way. So there 

 are, no doubt, but those legal difficulties are comparatively 

 slight. It is not there the real obstacle, the real impediment 

 lies; it is a social difficulty, and not a legal difficulty. The 

 community has the right to say to every one, either use your 

 property profitably yourself or let others use it for you. . I am 

 not now talking: of a legal remedy ; I do not want an Encumbered 

 Estate Act for England— that is not necessary here, whatever it 

 may be elsewhere ; but I do want and I do desire to see that every 

 landlord shall be an encumbered estate court in himself. Until 

 that is done you will not place the tenure of land, you will not 

 place the agriculture of this country, on a sound and rational 

 footing (applause). There are other points which I would 

 pass over lightly. Mr. Mechi told this society last year that it 

 was absurd to send to the Pacific, a distance of 10,000 miles, to buy 

 bird dung for manure, while thousands of tons of the natural 

 manure of this country were poisoning our rivers and choking 

 our seas. But I suppose in that we are all agreed; and so far, 



OSEPH MAPPIN and BROTHERS, Queen's 



Cutlery Works, Sheffield; and 37, Moorgate Street, London. 



Drawings forwarded by post. 



A R N £ R' S 4 J-inch I MP ROVED LIQUID 



MANURE PUMP, - 



with Ball Valve, fitted with 

 14 inch Brass Union for 

 attaching flexible suction, 

 with strong wrought iron 

 Straps for screwing on to 

 any ordinary Water-butt or 

 Cart, as shown in drawing. 



Price of Pump and Union, 

 505. 



l$-inch Flexible Rubber 

 andf Canvas Suction for ditto, 

 3s. 6d. per foot. 



1J Gutta Percha Suction, 

 Is. 6d. per foot. 



WARNER'S IMPROVED LIQUID 



W OR GENERAL PORTABLE PUN 



as it is hardly a practical question, no single landowner or 

 farmer can do much in that respect. The towns must take it in 

 hand. I am told that experiments have been made; I am told 

 that those experiments have not been always so successful as 

 they deserve to be. If that is so, more is the pity. But the 

 principle is, notwithstanding, a right and a sound one, and 

 whatever may now be wrong iu the details will doubtless come 

 right before long. One word you will expect from me on that 

 which is, perhaps, a great feature of our age in all the depart- 

 ments of labour— I mean the application of machinery. No 

 doubt, when you apply mechanical power to agriculture you 

 have to encounter many difficulties which do not exist in other 

 cases and in other business operations. In the factory or in the. 

 town you bring the material on which you want to operate to 

 the machine; but on the farm you must generally bring the ma- 

 chinery to the material. This is no doubt a great drawback and 

 a great disadvantage; but, notwithstanding its existence, I 

 believe firmly that at no distant period inanimate labour will 

 have almost, if not entirely, superseded brute labour of every 

 kind. That will be, whenever it takes place, not merely a me- 

 chanical, not merely an industrial, but a moral and social change, 

 and which we can hardly overrate. (Hear, hear.) An obstacle 

 to the more extensive introduction of machinery here is the com- 

 parative smallness of our holdings. It is so costly that very 

 few of our farmers can purchase it to a large extent for them- 

 selves. If, therefore, it is to be introduced practically to the 

 extent to which it may be, and ought to be, I believe it will be 

 done in this way— it must be provided either by the landlords 

 or by some person letting it out to the tenants, who must pay a 

 rent for the use of it to the owners of the machinery. 



MANURE 



MP. 



The valve is a ball of imperishable 

 material, and cannot clog in action. 

 The barrel is of galvanised iron, net 

 likely to corrode, and can be raised or 

 lowered at pleasure. The legs will fold 

 together, and the whole may be carried 

 on shoulder to any pond or tank required. 



Price of 4£ in. Pump, with legs, 37. 3s. 



The barrel is 27£ in. long, and the legs 



are 5 ft. high, 

 l^inch Gutta Percha Suction Pipe, 



Is. 6d. per foot. 

 1£ inch Flexible Rubber and Canvas 



Suction Pipe, St. 6d. per foot. 



May be obtained of any Ironmonger 

 or Plumber in town or country, at the 

 above prices, or of the Patentees aal 

 Manufacturers, John Warner & Sons, 

 8, Crescent, Jewin Street, London. 



Every description of Machinery for 

 Raising Water, by means of Wheels, 

 Rams, Deep Well Pumps, &c; also 

 Fire and Garden Engines, &c. — Engravings sent on appl ication^ 



WARNER'S PATENT VIBRATING STAN- 



VV DARD PUMPS. 



PATENT CAST-IRON PUMPS, for the use of Farms, Cot- 

 tages, Manure Tanks, and Wells of a depth not exceeding 30 feet. 



Diameter Length of Barrel, 

 of Barrel under nose. £ s. d. 



2i in. short 1 ft. 7 in. / Fitted for lead, W 12 



w 



2i 

 3 



4 

 2± 



11 

 11 



11 



n 



long 3 



3 „ I gutta percha, / 1 15 



ditto 3 „ 6 „ 1 or cast iron \2 12 O 

 ditto 3 „ 6 „ flanged pipe, 2 IS 

 ditto 3 „ 6 „ \ as required. ; 3 5 

 short, with 15 feet of Lead Pipe 

 attached, and Bolts and Nuts 



ready for fixing 2 12 3 



24 in. long ditto ditto ditto 2 15 



The short barrel Pump is very convenient 

 for fixing in situations of limited height and 

 space, for the supply of coppers and sinks ia 

 Wash-houses with soft water from under- 

 Hot, Forcing, and Plant 

 be fixed, when desired, 





ground tanks, or in 

 Houses; they may 

 under the stage. 



May be obtained 

 Plumber in Town or Country, at the 

 Patentees and Manufacturers, JOHN 

 8, Crescent, Jewin Street, London. 



Every description of Machinery for Raising Water, by means 

 of Wheels, Rams, Deep Well Pumps, &c; also Fire and Garden 

 Engines. &c. &c— Engravings sent on application. 



of any Ironmonger or 

 above prices, or of the- 

 WARNER and SONS, 



Notices to Correspondents. 



Bokhara Clover Seed: Constant Header. Any of our principal 



agricultural seedsmen will supply you. 

 Bran: X. Professor Johnstone gives the following analysis :— 



Water, 13.1; albumen, 19.3 ; oil, 4.7; husk and a little starch, 



55.6; ash, 7.3. 



Churn : Melinda. The common box churn is as good as any for 



so small a dairy. 



Guanite : Anon. We do not know it. 



Grasses: Subscriber. Sow in March next, along with a thin 

 seeding of Barley, 1 lb. of Alopecurus pratensis. 1 lb. of Avena 

 flavescens, 2 lbs. of Dactylis glomerata, 2 lbs. of Festuca 

 durinscula, lib. of F. heterophylla, 2 lbs. of F. rubra, 3 lbs. 

 of Lolium italicum, 5 lbs. of L. perenne, 2 lbs. of Poa nemo- 

 ralis, 1 lb. of P. pratensis, lib. of Medicago lupulina, 3 lbs. of 

 Trifolium pratense perenne, and 4 lbs. of T. repens; in all. 



28 lbs. per acre. _ ■_•** w . 



Guano: Sub. First introduced to Europe by Humboldt. \VI10 



has the credit of inducing the importation for agricultural 



purposes we do not know. Mr. Skirving, of Liverpool, if we 



mistake not, was one of the earliest importers or users of it. 



Next Falkirk Tryst: Eboracum. October 14 and 15. 



Osiers : A Sub. There is no work specially on the subject that we 

 know, but most systematic works on agriculture give instruc- 

 tions. See article Osier in Blackie's " Cyclopedia of 

 Agriculture;" or look at instructions given some weeks ago 

 in this Journal. We should not like the bottom of a pond for 

 an Osier bed. Land that will hold water is by no means the 

 best for such a purpose. 



Trifolium incarnatum: Mr. Powell should sow 20 lbs. per acre 

 now, or just previous to a change in the present dry weather: 

 sowing it broadcast over any clean stubble, having first har- 

 rowed it. A harrowing after sowing is ail the cultivation it 

 needs, and manure may be applied to it broadcast in spring. The 

 land must be clean and hard.—/ P. The r lant is safe en011 S»- 

 The shedding of the seed will furnish young plants against 



next year. . 



Weeds : Novice. Your plants are a Polygonum and an Equise- 

 tum— Knot-grass And Horsetail-both common on sandy soils ; 

 the latter especially, when wet. Fallow crops well cultivated 

 will get rid of them ultimately. As to lime, we would apply 

 it at the rate of two n Scotch cart-loads" per acre, making into 

 a compost with vegetable mould of any kind, as ditcn 

 cleanings, turf, &c. An old compost of this sort might be aj 

 plied on the yonne Clover in autumn, if you intend to grow 

 Clover: and if not, apply it on any stubble before ploughing it 

 in for winter. 





WARNER'S SWING WATER-BARROW 

 (TO HOLD THIRTY GALLONS) 

 Is intended for all large Establishments where much water- 

 ing is done by the watering-pot. By its use much time and 

 labour of the Gardener are saved, particularly where the Tank, 

 Pond, or Pump, is at a distance from the garden. May be 

 obtained of any Ironmonger in town or country for 3*. 6s. 



Manufactured by 

 John- Warxer & So x*, 8, Crescent, Jewin S treet, London. 



ToiiN WARNER AND SONS,. 



t) Crescent, Jewin Street, London. 



G VLVANISED IRON TUB GARDEN 



ENGINE, 

 With Warsteb's Registered Spreader, 



is strongly re- 

 commended, for 

 durability and- 

 low price, viz , 

 21. 195., to hold 

 10 gallons. 



Larger size& 

 in wood or iron r 

 viz., 14 gals. ,24 

 gals., & 35 gals. 

 Maybe obtained 

 of any Ironmon- 

 ger or Plumber 

 in town or coun- 

 try, or of the 

 Patentees and 

 Manufacturers, 



as also Machinery of all kinds for raising Water from any 

 depth to any height by Steam, Horse, or Manual ^wev. 1 n.es 

 sent on application. Syringes of various constructions and sizes 

 from 9s. upwards. Metallic String from W. to Is. 3d. per id. 



