Oct. 6, 1855.] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



Mil 



Millie." She will often, indeed, find in everyday life sound 

 sense and steadfastness of purpose, though very uncul- 

 tivated and needing more than romance for education ; 

 but while we cannot too highly value the deep Chris- 

 tian feeling which Mies Brewster makes most truthfully 

 the basis of ail solid good in character, we confess we 

 think her hook shows too much experience in the con- 

 struction of a sentimental love tale to be very useful 

 in the matter-of-fact business of educating servant girls. 



Miscellaneous. 



different cause?. 



Food Markets, Prussia.— In the meantime a nearer 

 danger is recognised in the high price of provisions, for 

 no rebellion is so bad as the rebellion of the stomach. 

 Three years of inundations and wet, with harvests 

 below the average, have exhausted the stocks of grain 

 in hand all over the country ; epidemics and sickness 

 of various kinds have reduced the number of labouring 

 hands that might house'and thresh the present harvest ; 

 so that the corn that really has been garnered in this 

 year comes hut sparingly to market ; what was not 

 housed some weeks back is now laid by heavy rains, and 

 will probably be lost. All import from the Black Sea 

 and from Russia is entirely at an end. To meet this 

 emergency the Government has wisely suspended, for 

 the third year, the import duties on corn, and has made 

 arrangements for the supply of the army by large pur- 

 chases in the United States, which are understood 

 to amount to 5,000,000 thalers. Thus the prices 

 in the home .market ' will not be run up by 

 having Government entering it as a buyer. In 

 the meantime every other product of the land, 

 whether direct or indirect, has attained a price that 

 drives housekeepers distracted and leaves poor people 

 very hungry. In addition to bread, fodder of all sorts, 

 meat, butter, and oil (Rape oil), which is here a con- 

 siderable article of expense, seeing that no candles or 

 other succedaneum are burnt, make living very diffi- 

 cult. Rent3 have risen also, but, of course, from widely 



" This is the subject which excites the 



most attention here just now, to the exclusion of Sebas- 

 topol, and, still more easily, of the elections. As, 

 according to Mr. Cobden, Prussia is the brain of 

 Germany, and all the world knows that Berlin is the 

 metropolis of intelligence, Athens on the Spree, it may 

 not be uninteresting to learn what steps are taken to 

 procure a supply of cheap meat for the capital. In the 

 case of cattle imported, so heavy a duty is laid upon 

 them per head — one forming so large a proportion of 

 the entire value of the beast at the frontier — that few 

 persons are to be found adventurous enough to import ; 

 and add to the above that on those parts of the frontier 

 where the cheapest cattle are to be had a three 

 weeks' quarantine is imposed, for fear they should 

 bring in with them a murrain. When the duty 

 has been paid and the quarantine undergone, and 

 the expenses of transport up to the capital de- 

 frayed, an octroi at the gates of the city must be 

 paid of so much per head equally for lean and fat, 

 large or small beasts. Such cattle breeders as can 

 choose another market naturally avoid Berlin, rather 

 than risk this further outlay, which practically puts 

 them into the power of the buyer, as compelling them 

 to sell rather than drive their cattle back and lose the 

 octroi* The authorities who levy this impost would 

 willingly show some indulgence, but the butchers here, 

 who possess more cunning than capital, anil are hardly 

 more numerous now than they were a century back, 

 refuse to deal for any cattle on which the charges have 

 not been previously paid, so as to have the whip hand 

 of the seller. The supply of meat is thus made scanty, 

 bad, and dear, for the guild and trade corporation insti- 

 tutions with which the liberty movement of 1843 has 

 blessed us enable the butchers to prevent any due in- 

 crease of their own numbers in proportion to the in- 

 creased population ; thus they can prevent journeymen 

 from becoming masters, and they can prevent master.- 

 from taking more than a certain small number of 

 assistants and apprentices ; they can prevent any 

 Capitalist from entering the business by their law that 

 no one shall be master who has not served his tirae,&c. 

 In the meantime the Berliners have to pay three times 

 as much for their meat as their friends who live 10 miles 

 off on a line of railway. Timet. 



The Cheese Manufacture.— Mr. White, of Warrington, 

 writes to the Times as follows : — Thousands, I doubt not, 

 are ignorant of the fact that the cheese they eat (and 

 inuch of the butter also, especially in winter) is artifi- 

 cially coloured ; others probably know that colouring is 

 employed, but fancy that it is necessary, or that it I 

 improves the flavour. Now I wish to inform the first o! 

 these parties that all cheese that has not the appearance 

 ] a colour of milk or cream is coloured ; and both that 

 the colouring matter is not only useless but very objec- 

 J onable. Before entering further into the discussion 

 ot this subject I will quote from my own account of 

 ^neshire cheese making, which appears in the Royal 

 Agricultural Society's Journal for 1845, the description 

 re given of what cheese-colouring is — 



n /his ingredient is, or should be, annatto (or annotto), the 

 5m of the bixa °reUana of Linna us. It is, I believe, chiefly 



cSoi 01 '^ 11 fr0m the We8t India islands > and tt8ed for d >' l ' i,,: ' T ' ! 

 j , Unnt ? commonly used in cheese-making is prepared by manu- 



that lrfcr ? il1 ** lif * conntr y tor the purpose. Jt gives the ehee 

 torli a Pl )earaHc e which is unfortunately required in order 



PJfase or deceive the eve of the London consumer. For Man- 



Even admitting that the colour- 



by Mr. Whitley, of Stretton, published by Mr.Kidgway, in which 

 it is clearly prov, d that the greatest bulk of the che colouring 

 used in this country is only an imitation of annatto, but sold by 

 that name, and consisting of such in dientsas turmeric powder, 

 potash, and soft-soap or train oil, well mixed to form a mass, 

 along with a little real Spanish annatto." 



Now, in the first place, I would ask, are our London 

 friends or any others willing to have such compounds as 

 these administered to them, although only in homoo- 

 pathic doses, for I can assure them it is entirely their 

 own fault that they are so administered ? The dairy- 

 maids will gladly give up infusing this nauseous com- 

 pound into their cheeses whenever the London cheese- 

 factors ask them to do so ; and I doubt not the factors 

 will as willingly give up buying coloured cheeses when- 

 ever their customers (the consumers), are content to 

 give up eating them. 



ing matter is a genuine preparation from annatto, it is a 

 most disagreeable, not to say disgusting, thing, both to 

 the smell and taste, and has the further objection of 

 being an expensive article, the retail price being now 

 7s. 6d, per lb. It is estimated that 1 lb. is sufficient for 

 colouring a ton of cheese, but I have no doubt in many 

 dairies much more than this proportion is used. La 

 Gloucestershire the estimate formerly was 1 lb. for half 

 a ton of cheese. As it is not improbable but that more 

 than 6000 tons of coloured cheese are made in Cheshire 

 at least 6000 lbs. of colouring matter is required, and 

 will cost 225QL This amount is no doubt trifling when 

 compared with the value of the cheese, but the absurdity 

 of the thing is that it is so much money indirectly paid 

 by the consumers in London and elsewhere, and im- 

 posed upon themselves, in order that they may have the 

 gratification of eating an adulterated article. I beg to 

 add that I am in no way interested either in the cheese 

 trade or in the manufacture of cheese, beyond my con- 

 nection with estates iu Cheshire as a land-agent, and 1 

 believe the opinions I have expressed are those held in 

 common with many respectable agriculturists in Cheshire 

 and in other counties. Henry White, Warrington, Sept. 17. 



— ■ 



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STAN- 



Calendar of Operations. 



OCTOBER. 



Cheshire, Oct. 2. — After more than seven weeks of as fine 

 harvest weather as can well be remembered, the corn and second 

 crops of Clover, with but few exceptions, have been secured in 

 the best possible condition, and the gloomy anticipations of 



sprouted corn, arising from the fact of the crops generally having 

 been laid to an almost unprecedented extent, have long been dis- 

 persed. The Wheat crop, however, as was predicted early in Jul 

 will prove deficient iu yield, as will Barley also, but the fullness 

 of the crops may in some measure make up for it, although we 

 can hardly expect an average yield per acre, which after all is the 

 true test of the crops. Oats appear to have been the best crop of 

 the three, and we hear of Pe.ins being very productive where 

 J they are drilled and the intervals kept clean by scarifying, hoe- 

 ing, &c. The rain within the last few days has greatly im- 

 proved the appearance of Mangold Wurzel and Turnips," and 

 also the pastures, and there is now every prospect of the 

 two former being tolerably fair crops Winter I'otat s, 

 which are now being raised, appear to have less disease 

 than for many years past, and the crop generally is more 

 abundant than it has been of late years, and the quality 

 too is excellent; perhaps the foregoing remarks will apply 

 more strictly to the driest and best Potato soils, as occa- 

 sionally we do hear serious complaints of the disease in some 

 I calities. The teams are now busily engr. d in preparing the 

 Oat lea or other ground for Wheat, and on the strong clay land 

 Wheat sowing is about commencing. Store pigs are very scarce 

 and dear, owing, it is supposed, to the severity of the late spring, 

 which destroyed many of the young litters. The "pleuro-pneu- 

 mouia"is not so prevalent as last year, but we are grieved to 

 say it still lingers in some localities to au almost ruinous extent 

 to the dairy farmers. W. P. 



Hexham, October 2.— The weather has been all that eoold be 



tailed for securing the crops, which iu this district are now very 

 generally under * thack and rape." Notwithstanding the favour- 

 able weather, the harvest has been, owing to the unequal ripen- 

 ing of the corn, a h-ng one — rather over a month. There ha 

 been an occasional shower, but no rain to do damage since 

 harvest commenced, and both Turnips and pastures are suffering 

 very much in consequence. The heavy frost rime of the 7th ulu 



•mpletely destroyed the Potato shaws, but as they were gene- 

 rally ripe or nearly so we hope the roots have c ed hurt, and 

 we are still free of blight. Since finishing the car % of our 

 crop we have been M skimming'' our fallows, using for that pur- 

 pose our ordinary ploughs with a very wide ither on the 



bare, taking a furrow of about 2 inches deep, and 10 or 12 broad. 

 After harrowing aid gathering the Couch Grass the usual 

 winter furrow will be given. The day labourers and boys bave 

 been engaged in completing the thatching and "shaving 

 the stacks, which last operation we find to pay, espe- 

 cially with mown corn, where you have necessarily more 

 heads in the bottoms of the sheaves. Your Wester Koss 

 correspondent seexna to have a decided advantage over his 

 southern brethren, and, at the rate he mentions, reaping 

 machines would be of little use to him : we would be inc ined to 

 infer from the quantity cut — an acre and two* thirds per day for 

 each scythe— that the crop has not teen heavy. With the excep- 

 tiou of two fields our crop is by no means a bulky one, yet even 

 our piece men did not cut nearly so much, and the cutting, 

 binding, and stocking cost us lis. 2d. per sere on au a vera:. 

 One field cost us 1 , but it was much laid, and about 70 toll 

 stooks per acre. Wages have ranged trom 17s. to 21a. per week, 

 with food for men; and from 10s. to 14s. without food for women. 





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ENGLAND. 

 1655. 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF 

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^^especially if much be used, it may deteriorate the flavour 



wqIia^ 1 ' „ Tho<<i "ho wish to be enlightened on this subject 

 "* ao wen to read the ' E iy on Ch ^e Colourin written 



Notices to Correspondents. 



Limb • J G. We should apply over the Clover stubble 40 bushels 



an acre of lime, and if If could have been made into a compost 

 with any vegetable refuse for some weeks before the applica- 

 tion to the land, so much the better. The quantity recom- 

 mended ought of com to depend on the period of" the last 

 application of the kind, which we do not know. 

 M.-Gbnbhal ABBOTB hot's Wheat: To Correspond \ Having 



recevi d norm ua app] itiot* from gentlemen r sting to 

 know if they can be supplied with seed Wheat of the sort 

 called Tinov's Success, M .-General Arbuthnot begs to refer 

 them to his bailiff, Woodford House, Thrapston. 



Peat for Kilns: A Tasks for information, founded on expe- 

 rience, as lo the utility of wood or peat a* a substitute for coal 

 in t burning of lime or drainage tiles, particularising the 

 proportions of each to produce a gi i heat. The anic s 

 • -neks'* and » Tiles" in « Blackleg Cyclopedia * give infor-* 

 ma n on tfia general s ct of burning these artie 



Wild Pajbbxip: // . We ,i,» not know how to obtain the seed 

 of this plant in any quant ty, unl by offering a reward 



to the school children iu y nr i rhood for ripe heads oi 



seed. 



t 



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\ 



