684 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



[Oct. 13, 1855. 



iugs against defaulters. Our opiuiou is, the county 

 inspector would be the better authority, and the services 

 of the clerks of the union be altogether dispensed with. 

 6. The penalty for non or defective returns should vary 

 from 40a. to 5l. f according to the extent of occupation, 

 or the nature of the offence, whether from wilfulness or 

 negligence. We suggest that the parish collectors be 

 pafd Is. for each return, by the overseers of the poor, 

 on receiving a certificate from the county inspector, 

 and all penalties for defective or non returns should he 

 paid to them, who would thus have an interest in the 

 defaulters being fined. The payment of the parish col- 

 lector in small parishes would only amount to a few 

 shillings, and in the largest parishes seldom exceed 21. 

 or 3/., which in many instances would be amply covered 

 by the penalties enforced. 7. We are of opinion there 

 would be no necessity to employ professional agents to 

 make up returns for wilful defaulters, as their extent 

 would have little effect on the aggregate returns of the 

 county, and there can be no doubt that when a few 

 penalties have been enforced there would not be many 

 defaulters after the first year. 8. With the view of 

 enabling the inspector to enter the names of all occu- 

 piers in his books previous to the receipt of the returns 

 themselves early in November, the parish officer or col- 

 lector should on the 10th of June in each year send to 

 the inspector a list of the occupiers, taken from the rate 

 books, with the extent of their occupations, regularly 

 numbered, which the inspector could then enter into his 

 books, and forward the required number of schedules 

 for each parish on or before the 21st of October. 9. 

 The Lords' committee recommend the filling up the 

 returns and their delivery, as regards the acreage, by 

 the loth of July — but that would require another return 

 in October, to obtain the probable yield and quality of 

 the crops of grain and Potatoes on the 2 1st of October. 10. 

 The results of the late harvests have clearly shown the 

 necessity of deferring the returns to the 21st of Octo- 

 ber, as the failure of the Wheat crop from mildew 

 and defective yield was not apparent until after it was 

 reaped, in the last week in August and September ; nor 

 can the extent of such deficiency be fully ascertained 

 till a portion of the crop is threshed out, which will 

 have taken place by the 21st of October, to a greater or 

 less extent, by every occupier for sale in the market or 

 for seed. 11. The failure of the Potato crop was not 

 apparent this year until the middle of September, but 

 the extent of the disease will be known by the 21st of 

 October. 12. We think it desirable that the returns 

 should, in the first instance, be confined to occupations 

 of 5 acres of arable and 10 acres of pasture laud and 

 •upwards. The Board of Trade might at a future period 

 extend them to lower occupations if deemed desirable. 

 33. Where the counties are large they might be divided, 

 And more than one inspector of the county appointed. 

 Each inspector should not have to superintend more 

 than 3000 returns, for the sake of their early classifica- 

 tion in the month of November. 14. By the above 

 suggestions the Board of Trade would have the sole 

 direction of obtaining the required returns, without the 

 necessity of depending on the Poor-law Board, or 

 diverting the Poor-law officials from their customary 

 duties, and likewise avoiding the expenses of their 

 -employment. Samuel Sandars, Hemel Hempsted, Oct. 2. 

 Steam Engines, Feed ramps, <kc. — I will venture to 

 say that there are very few persons who use horizontal 

 high pressure engiues that have not been occasionally 

 troubled with their feed pumps ; especially, as in my 

 -case, where the pump rod is attached to the cross-head 

 of the piston rod, and moves with great rapidity. For 

 several years I was thus annoyed, constantly breaking 

 the joints; although I consulted engineers, I was assured 

 the only remedy was to drive more slowly, by attaching 

 it to the eccentric. At length I determined on having 

 an air vessel and loaded escape valve in immediate 

 proximity to the plunger, so as to compensate for the 

 mu inertia of the water. Since I have done this 

 I have had no trouble whatever, the escape valve 

 lifting slightly as occasion requires. I find no difficulty 

 in pumping into my boiler water kept at near the boil- 

 ing point by the waste steam, the distance from 

 the feed pump to the boiler being about 13 feet. 

 1 generally work at a pressure of 70 lbs. I found by 

 experience in pumping liquefied manure, that water is 

 more incompressible than cast-iron, and that unless an 

 -elastic medium or escape is interposed between it and 

 the plunger, a destructive concussion and hydraulic 



off at 60 per spring guage, 1 found by the mercurial 

 guage we had been working for two years at 120 lbs. 

 per inch. Fortunately my boiler was a very good one, 

 and of small diameter (42 inches), a most important 

 consideration, seeing that the total pressure on the 

 boiler is in proportion to its circumference. High pres- 

 sure steam is economical ; I know a farmer who works 

 at 200 lbs. per inch. On some of our railways they 

 work at 140. The question of expanding steam by heat 

 (as explained in a pamphlet by Mr. Frost, of New York) 

 is gradually gaining ground, and will become general 

 hereafter. If heat so quickly expands steam, it should 

 warn us against exposing our cylinders and steam pipes 

 to a low temperature. Where coke can be used I 

 would strongly recommend Barran's cup surface boiler, 

 made by Messrs. Hughes, New Cross. They evaporate 

 10 lbs. of water for 1 lb. of coke ; and one of 12-horse 

 power, at Messrs. Collinge's patent axle factory, has 

 consumed on an average 7 cwt. of coke per day during 

 the last six months. J. /. Mechi, Tiplree. 



Particulars of Hardy <k Son's Experimental Prolific 

 Red Wheat Crop, Moildon, Essex.— 2 acres, 3 roods, 

 6 perches, sown on twelve various plans in October, as 

 follows, with only 1 bushel and 5 pints of seed, 1855 : — 



dation of new theories ; but it was the focus of 



a 



No. Contents. 



I 



Produce of 

 corn. 



Equal to per 

 acre. 



Produce 

 of straw. 



a. r. p. bsh.pks.qts. pts. bsh.pks.qts. pts. 



1 26 



12 1 6 1 30 4 1 



lbs. 

 1682 



Observations. 





1 



**2 2 23 24 3 4 



33 2 4 2922 



*3 



1 32 





39 1 6 



32 3 4 



4 23 6 







4295 



43 1 



70S 



**. 



1 22 17 3 4 



46 4 



2214 



6 



* Plans best recommended. 



f 1 rod of four kinds, sown in spring, at end of February, in 

 j equal quantities, 1 foot apart square, or about 6 pints per 

 J acre. Produce 19 pints, equal to 47 bushels 2 pecks per acre. 

 \ Straw 30 lbs., equal to 2 tons, 2 cwt., 96 lbs. per acre.— 

 Note.— This did best, and did not blight so much; but is 

 [considered quite an exception, and not a rule to act upon. 



( 3 rods transplanted in spring 1 foot apart. Thin sample, 

 „ J and a partial failure, not being transplanted in October. 

 ' ~i Produce 21 quarts, equal to only 35 bushels per acre. Straw 



1 68 lbs., equal to 1 ton, 12 cwt. 



("3 yards each of two kinds, planted between another full crop. 

 8x Produce of each 3 yards 2J pints, equal to 63 bushels and 

 (^ 1 pint, or 7 qrs., 7 bsh., and 1 pint per acre. 



f 17 plants on 1 yard, 1854, not surrounded by other crops. 

 dA Produce 466 ears, or 1 quart, equal to 18 qrs. 7 bshs. 1 peck 

 (per acre ! 



{1 yard on the very same spot 1855, planted without stirring 

 the soil, the same minute the crop ot 1854 was cut. Produce 

 estimated as good as last year! Both specimens are re- 

 served (9 & 10) for public inspection and criticism. 



< 2 yards of Oats; produce 3 pints, equal to 14 qrs* 

 \ 1 bushel, 1 peck, 6 quarts per acre, blighted. 



greit 

 ■youHu, wuwMujj Ji-oui remote sources the scattered 

 lays of practical experience, and again diffusing them 

 with increased intensity and effect through ever/reoion 

 of the agricultural world ; or the powerful heart, which 

 maintained in vigour the circulation of the life-blood 

 through the several organs of the agricultural body 

 It had been established, not by a Parliamentary 

 grant, but by the voluntary contributions of main- 

 thousands of the most distinguished friends of awu 

 culture in this country ; and its recommendations 

 had never, he believed, been made, unless founded on 

 the most careful scrutiny of their practical tendency 

 and the economy of their application. One of the great 

 results of the Royal Agricultural Society has been the 

 revival of old agricultural bodies, and the establishment 

 of new ones. Among these, none were, he believed 

 capable of supplying facts of more direct practical value 

 than the farmers' clubs throughout the country, which 

 in their very formation evinced that desire for improve* 

 ment which was to be derived from association and 

 discussion. Of these clubs, none could have for him 

 personally a greater interest than the farmers' club of 

 his native town, at whose annual meeting he had then 



the gratification of 

 being present ; and 



he witnessed with real 

 pleasure and pride 

 the spirit with which 

 its objects were beta* 

 carried out, and the 



striking results which 

 it had already ob- 

 tained. His heart's 

 best wish was that 

 it might continue to 

 prosper, and that, as 

 the Secretary of the 

 Royal Agricultural 

 Society of England, 

 he might be favoured 

 by it with many 

 future results of its 

 operations ; and have 

 many opportunities, 

 in his official capa- 

 city, of receiving and 

 carrying out from 

 time to time the 

 wishes of its members on any point connected 

 with their operations or discussions : and as amonz 



Equal to per 



acre. 



tons. cwt. lbs 







59 



1 11 107 



("3 stetclies sown broadcast 

 2 98 |-< at 2 pecks per acre; could 



^not be well cleaned. 



f 4 stetclies, sown in drills, 

 } 4 rows on a stetch, 2 ft. 

 \ apart, with 4 feet furrows ; 

 \ at 1 peck per acre. 



/8 stetclies, sown in drills, 

 4 rows on a stetch, 2 on 

 each side the 4 ft. furrows, 



J at 1 peck per acre, with 

 4 ft. spaces in the middle 

 for one row of Potatoes ; 

 Potato produce 50 bushels 



I per acre, early and sound. 



1 stetch sown in 8 rows, 

 drilled i-t 1 peck per acre, 

 with 4 feet furrows. 



3 stetches, dibbled at half 

 peck per acre, and reduced 

 to 6 pints by thinning to 

 single plants, with 4 feet 

 furrows, and 8 rows on a 

 stetch. 



4 







2 11 17 



the members of the club he might number so many 

 of his old friends, he begged to assure them with 

 how much delight he would at all times receive their 

 communications. (Mr. Hudson resumed his seat amid 

 loud and long-continued cheering) — .Mr. J. H. Baker 

 proposed the health of Sir Joseph Paxton, their vice- 

 president Sir Joseph Paxton, on rising to respond, 

 was loudly cheered. He said — I assure you on this 

 occasion I feel the reception you have given me so much 

 that I cannot give adequate utterance to what I would wish 

 to say. It is true I have been amongst you 30 v ears 

 next May, and though a much larger portion of my time 

 has been spent elsewhere, I consider myself as much a 

 Derbyshire man as any man at this table. I came among 

 you in a very much more humble capacity than I now 



hold. I came full of health, full of life, and full of vigour 



( 3 yards of Peruvian Barley; produce 2 quarts, equal from the south, and I thought, perhaps, as ever) yi*c 



A to 12 quarters, 4 bushels, 3 pecks, 2 quarts per acre, man thinks, that I knew almost everything, as Iliad been 

 « bliffhted. i n a g 00 d sc hool, and had had opportunities of seeing au 



that had been done for the improvement of my pro.es- 



T .'.... ... * .» - « farmer. 



si on* I 



Ibligi 



J 3 yards of common Barley ; produce exactly the same 

 \ as* the 3 yards of Peruvian, blighted. 



All was more or less blighted, as other people's of 

 1855, aud much devoured or destroyed by sparrows, 

 being near the town ; estimated by all observers at 

 least one- twentieth of the entire crop. Hardy end Son, 

 Seed~growers f Maldon, Essex* 



I am essentially then a Farmers' Club man. 



Bakewell. 



Farmers' Clubs. 



At the annual meeting of this society 

 held last week, the health of Mr. Hudson, Secretary to 

 the Agricultural Society of England, was given by Lord 

 Denman. Mr. Hudson, in responding, said he felt 

 deeply affected at the kind manner in which his health 

 had been proposed and drunk. Fifty years had now 

 elapsed since he first drew his breath in that lovely 

 valley of the Derbyshire Wye, in which the ancient 

 pressure ensue. As my boiler has a steam dome j Saxon town of Bakewell was situated, in that vale " in 





nearly 4 feet high (well encased by clay and Poplar 

 latbs to prevent radiation), I find that I can keep it 

 nearly filled with water without priming, thus giving 

 me a more ample heating surface and abundance ot 

 steam. Vulcanised India-rubber rings are best for pack- 

 ing the water gauge glasses, and the same material 

 in sheets answers admirably for flange and other joints. 



For 





whose bosom the bright waters meet ;" and after the 

 long course of his busy life, he again once more found 

 himself, with indescribable pleasure, among the scenes 

 of his youth, and in the society of his early friends. As 

 the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng- 

 land, he begged also to thank them for the honour they 

 had done him in connecting his name with that patriotic 

 body. Every farmers' club, lie thought, and every 

 agricultural association throughout the kingdom, must 



and that in early life" I was brought up iu the farmyard. 



J *- - But 1 took 



co otner occupations, anu xnrougu pera^ » er a " C€ , 

 determination, I became successful, and had the g 

 fortune to be selected to come to Chatsworth. 1 

 rather conceited at this ; I don't mean concei 

 in myself, but in the system of cultivation 1 » 

 learned ; but when I came to Chatsworth 1 »■ 

 found the cold bleak hills of Derbyshire different to w 

 climate of the south, and this soon brought me to 

 study of what to do to get out of this difficulty, 

 first the Duke of Devonshire engaged roe, 

 engaged me himself, he told me Derbyshire was a ^ 

 tiful county but not a very fertile one— that at ^ 

 worth they never had any flowers and very llttle ftn j 

 but in a few years we contrived to have "°* e g rg t 

 fruit in great abundance. I became a farmer w 1 ^ 

 1 came to Chatsworth, and never made so "i 1 ? Dpe ne<i 

 at one time as 1 did out of a cow I bought, j » a PF! a ft 

 to be going to Chesterfield, and I saw a good co ^ d 



When 

 and te 



field, and went direct to the owner of the fa r , ^ 

 purchased the animal for 15Z. out of the held, ai ^ 

 t direct home. I kept an account of that cow 1 s i proa 



1 



four years, and it paid me an average of 30J. i a ) e ^ j 

 was not here in time to see the stoc k to- <&h ^ 



aturaliy feel a deep interest in the success of the Royal believe I am the breeder of the bull which 1 ifl 



the first prize. I have always taken 



an 

 of 



It is necessary to change the rings round the gauge 

 glasses occasionally 



iuelastic the glasses , D r „ 



cold water joints a piece of gutta percha softened by Agricultural Society of England; for it was the result „- r - „ . , V iw 



.heat makes a tight joint. Possibly my experience may of their own practical experience, and the independent practical agriculture in a national point ^^ g f 

 be useful to the uninitiated. Steam at 70 lbs. to 100 lbs. representative of their own practical interests: it was j have looked at these institutions as the bes jj^yu 



an institution established by the united co-operation of : " : " : —* f: *^" *" ***• farmer - x •— *■ 



the land-owners and the land-occupiers of England ; not 



for their own individual and immediate interests, but 



for the promotion of improvement in every branch of 



husbandry, for the increase of our natioual resources, 



and for the common interest and good of our country, ftuuucin.^ « v * ™ v — r - ~ mei'S, Dtrv *"* 



It was not an academy of dictation to farmers, affecting of England but also the patronage of the far ^ wor tb? 



to instruct them in the management of their affairs by it has the valuable quality referred to } . mfr9 or 



* ' -' ----- J - * secretary, of not being dogmatical upon 



per inch is very subtle and insidious, and requires very 

 much more careful joints than low pressure steam. The 

 same remark applies in degree to water at very high pres- 

 sures. I would strongly recommend every one to have a 

 glass water-gauge, that the engine-driver may always see 

 the water level ; a mercurial pressure-gauge is essentially 

 necessary, or Bourdon's steam-gauge. The ordinary 

 spring gauges, unless the lever is accurately adjusted, 

 are most deceptive. la my case, when the steam blew 



parting instruction to the lanner. Th -j^-u 

 Society of Scotland had the same sort 01 Jed n 



the Royal Society of England, which was 1 ^ 

 the principles of the Highland Society. .^.^tic 



Society of England vai a most € * cellel ! ^entte^ 

 d deserved not only the patronage ol tnt . * ^u* 





