696 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



of tnat very hue Dahlia Pre-eminent uas exhibited by the 

 raiser, the Kev. C. Fellowei -f Shotesham Rectory, near Norwich. 

 Oct. Oh,— Mb. Deax in the chair. Messrs. Veitch & Son re- 

 ceived a Certificate of Merit lor a new Fuchsia, named Pendulina. 

 It looked as if it would make a good late blooming conservatory 

 kind, and as it flowers well in a dwarf state, it will form a pretty 

 pot plant. It has long slender flowers, of a peculiar rose shade. 

 A Certificate was also awarded to Mr. Turner for Dahlia Col. 

 Windham, deep rose, with a small bronze tip. It is a full deep 

 flower. The same award was also made to Turner's Tyrian 

 Prince. The same exhibitor likewise s«nt several blooms each 

 of Seedling Dahlias shown on former occasions which have taken 

 certificates, namely, Bessie, Lollipop, Miss Bnrdett Contts 

 Hichess of Wellington, Yellow Beauty, Shaded Model, and Grand 

 Sultan. Mr. Shrimpton. of Thame, Oxon, sent a light Verbena 

 of large size, but not otherwise remarkable. ' 



Dahlia and Hollyhock Exhibition at Edinburgh.— In 



our report of this show last week it was omitted to be stated that 

 Mr. Bircham, of Hedenham, obtained Certificates of Merit for 

 seedling Hollyhocks Miss Nightingale, a pale lemon variety, and 

 Mrs. Oafces, a light buff kind, which produces a large and close 

 spike. Mr. Turner, of Slough, also sent from three to twelve 

 "looms each of six tine seedling Dahlias, viz. :— Bessie, Lollipop 

 Tynan Prince, and Yellow Beauty, to all of which First Class 

 Jertificates were given ; and a Certificate of Merit was awarded 

 t Lord Pal merston. Mr. Turner also exhibited blooma of Miss 

 tfurdett Contts, a useful and distinct flower. A Certificate 

 of Merit was awarded to a seedling Hollyhock named Rubens, 

 exhibited by Mr. Laing, of Dysart. 



Miscellaneous. 



The Cherry.— We fully concur with Prof. Targioni in 

 his conviction that the wild Cherry (Prunus cerasus), 

 common in the woods of Italy and other parts of Europe 

 and Asia, is the mother plant of all the kinds of that 

 fruit now in cultivation, in opposition to many modern 

 botanists, who follow De Candolle in distinguishing four 

 species, Cerasus avium, C. duracina, C. Juliana, and 

 C. caproniana, or even go far beyond him in their mul- 

 tiplication. The species is also evidently indigenous, 

 notwithstanding Pliny's statement that there were no 

 Cherries m Italy before the victory obtained over 

 Mithridates by Lucullus, who was the first to bring 

 Cherries to Rome in the year of Rome f?80, and that 

 within 120 years after that, they were spread over the 

 raipire as far as Britain. iWstatement gave rise to 

 the tale that Cherries originally came from Cerasunte, 

 now Zefano, and were therefore called Cerasus by the 

 Latins. Lucullus may, however, have first imported 

 cultivated varieties, which the R< 



;h 



sue 



vave recognised as identical witl 



Rom 



ans may not 

 the wild Cherry. In 

 Greece, Cherries were certainly known long before his 

 time, for Dipliilus Siphnius, according to Athenzeus, 

 mentions them under the Government of Lysiraachus' 

 one of the Dukes of Alexander the Great. Among 

 he numerous varieties of Cherries of modem days, Pliny 

 records only eight, of which the Juliana, according to 

 Matthioli and Micheli, is the acqiiaiola of modern 

 Italy, and the Ceciliana, according to Micheli and 

 Gallesio, is the visciolona, believed to have been brought 

 from Arabia into Spain, and thence to Rome. 



The 



varieties known in modern Tuscany are chiefly due to 

 the exertions of the Graud Dukes of the Medici family. 

 Jueheli, in the catalogue already quoted, enumerates 47 

 sorts, and Castello has figured 03. The double-flowering 

 variety was first introduced into the gardens of Florence, 

 by Giuseppe Benin caw Fiammingo, curator, under 

 Francis I. of Media's, of the Botanic Garden then called 

 delle Stalle, afterwards dei Semplici. The Cherry-tree 

 especially of the Bigarreau variety, grows to a very large 

 «ze ; one is recorded on the shores of the gulf of Nico- 

 media, of which the circumference of the trunk was 4| 

 braccie (about 9 feet), and Prof. Targioni himself had 

 one cut down in his own podere, which was beginning to 

 decay, and had a trunk of 8 feet in circumference. 

 Journal of Horticultural Society. 



I 



Calendar of Operations. 



$(For %ht turning week.) 



display 

 render 

 as pos- 



PLANT DEPARTMENT. 



"Conservatory, &c. — Now that the out-door 

 13 much faded, every effort should be made to 

 this and all the other plant-houses as attractive 

 sible, and perhaps nothing tends more to effect this than 

 orderly arrangement, and keeping everything perfectly 

 clean and neat ; and if cleanliness and order are properly 

 attended to n they wili do much towards compensating 

 for any deficiency of fine specimens in flower, and will 

 greatly enhance the appearance of such things as may be 



mi bloom. There is no good reason, however, why there . ... , , 



should be anything like a scarcity of plants in flower at should be proceeded with as expeditiously^ as possible' 

 present, for although we cannot command as fine a dis- 

 play now as earlier in the season, there is plenty of 

 showy things which may be had in bloom at this season, 



heavy syringin-s or letting condensed moisture fall into 

 the hearts of the plant?, which sometimes happens when 

 the atmosphere is kept very moist and is very injurious 

 to the plants. The plants expected to show fruit shortly 

 after Christmas should be allowed to get rather dry at 

 the root, keeping the atmosphere also rather dry where 

 this can be done without injury to other portions of the 

 stock, in order to get its growth thoroughly matured ; 

 for unless this is attended to there will be no certainty 

 of getting them to fruit at that season ; and indeed the 

 general stock of plants intended for fruiting next spring, 

 if sufficiently strong, should now be kept rather cool and 

 dry. But where the plants are not considered suffi- 

 ciently strong, they may be safely kept growing for some 

 time longer, with the exception of such as may be 



intended to furnish ripe fruit early in May. Vineries. 



Make sure that the wood of young Vines is thoroughly 

 ripe before throwing the house open or occupying it with 

 plants that would interfere with the proper treatment of 

 the Vines, and until the wood is properly ripened use 

 brisk fires with a moderate circulation of air, for there 

 will ba no chance of getting them to break strongly next 

 spring unless the wood is well ripened, and this cannot 

 be effected after this season without fire-heat. And what 

 with plant growing for indoor decoration, and wintering 

 bedding-out stuff, both of which is carried to a greater 

 extent about many places than there is proper accommo- 

 dation for ; there is often some difficulty in finding room 

 for plants at this season, and these are in many cases placed 

 in Vineries, &c, and the Vines very improperly treated. 

 Where employers are agreeable to make Vines a secon- 

 dary consideration to plants this may be all very well ; 

 but where this is not the case nothing should be allowed 

 in Vineries which would at all interfere with the proper 

 treatment of the Vines. Get the Vines pruned where 

 the wood is thoroughly ripe, and the house cleaned, 

 well washing the paint, &c, when the house may be 

 used for storing Geraniums lifted out of the flower 

 garden, or any other plants which merely require to be 

 protected from frost ; but see that everything is per- 

 fectly clear of insects before bringing it here. 



LOWER GARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES. 



What with falling leaves and the tiresome diligence 

 of the worms, much labour is necessary to keep lawns, 

 &c, clean and neat at this season. There is, however, 

 no help for it but a diligent use of the broom and roller. 

 Continue to mow as frequently as may be necessary to 

 keep the Grass short, for much time is lost in clearing 

 up leaves when the Grass is allowed to get long ; also 

 keep the surface hard and smooth by frequent rollings 

 with a heavy roller. This is a capital season for laying 

 down turf,aad where levelling may be necessary, or any 

 other alterations involving taking up and relaying any 

 breadth of turf, this should be attended to as soon as 

 possible, for besides that there wili be no trouble with 

 turf laid now in the event of dry weather setting in early 

 next spring, such work can be done more economically 

 now and with much more comfort to the workmen than 

 after cold winterly weather sets in. Nothing adds more to 

 the comfort of a garden in winter than hard dry walks, 

 and where these incline to be soft and greasy, a thin 

 sprinkling of clean rather rough gravel, put on when the 

 walks are wet and well rolled in, will be found to greatly 

 improve them, and this at a very trifling cost. Keep 

 the surface hard by frequent rollings, which will cause 

 the water to run off to the edges, instead of draining 

 through the gravel, as is the case when the surface is 

 allowed to become soft and spongey. Continue to clear 

 the beds of their summer occupants, as these become 

 shabby, and replant them with spring flowering things. 

 But where the soil wants renewing this should be done 

 before putting in the spring flowering things, for it is 

 generally a busy season when these are removed, and 

 nothing should be left to be done then which can be 

 done now. Plants which it may be desirable to lift and 

 winter for use next season again, cannot be safely left 

 out any longer, except where they can be covered in the 

 event of a sharp frost occurring suddenly. And speci- 

 men Fuchsias, Geraniums, &c, should be got into sale 

 quarters immediately frost is apprehended. 



HARDY FRUIT AND KITCHEN GARDEN. 



Examine the stock of fruit in the fruit room as 

 frequently as circumstances will allow, and remove any 

 infected with decay at once, and keep the room cool and 

 dry. Where it is intended to plant any quantity of 

 fruit trees this season the preparation ofjthe ground, &c, 



[Oct. 20, 1855. 



STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON 

 Forthe w eek ending Oct. is. 1855, as observed at the Horticultural Garde 



Oct. 



BlSOMIll 



Pridfty 12 

 Satur. 13 

 Sunday 1 I 

 Mon.. 15 

 Tues. lfi 

 Wed. 17 

 Thurs. 1* 



Average 

 ""Oct, 



os. 



Mm. 



29.590 

 29.58 > 



29.448 



29 4 1 2 



29./0:i 



29.705 

 29.863 



29.711 29.r>15 



Tbm 



PBRAT1IRB. 



Ol'tht? Air. 



Max. 



1 



1 Min. 



Mean 



83 



3/ 



495 



60 



39 



4'*.5 



58 



31 



44.5 



59 



32 



45.5 



58 



33 



48.' 1 



m 



38 



49.0 



64 



41 



52.5 



Of the Eart h ; Wiwil 

 I toot 2teetj 



60.1 I 36.6 48.3 



deep. 



, de *P- 



i 



57 



56~| S.W. 



561 



5-j \T. 



H 



55 X.W. 



56 



55 



S. 



55 



55 



S.W. 



55 



M 



fl.E. 



55 



55 



w. 



5 j.8 



55.2 





A 

 .01 



5* 



.10 

 .00 



1.10 



12-Overcast; rain; cloudy; boisterous with rain. 

 U— Clear and fine ; verv fine; slight rain. 

 14— Foggy ; cloudy ; fine at night. 



15"~ L\ ente fo % J Ter y fine in forenoon ; rain at night, 

 lfi- Clear and fine ; very fine; heavy rain. 



17— Kaiu and fog; hazy"; foggy at night. 

 18— Overcast ; fine throughout. 



Mean temperature of the week 1$ de^ below the average. 



RECORD OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. 



Ourlng the last 29 years, for the ensuing week, ending Oct. 27* 1855. 



Oct. 



Sunday 21 



M on. 22 



Tues. 2i 



Wed. 24 



Thu. 2a 



Frid. 26 



Satur. 27 



58.4 



40.3 



58.4 



44.2 



57.8 



40.S 



56.0 



40.1 



55.2 



34.6 



54.7 



37.6 



54.7 1 



40.1 



49.3 

 51.3 

 493 

 48.0 

 44.9 

 46.2 



47.4 



No. of 

 Years in 

 which it 

 Rained. 



12 



18 



17 



14 

 11 



22 



Greatest 

 Quantity 

 of Rain. 



0.f4 in. 



0.66 



1.56 



0.88 

 0.72 

 52 

 0.92 



Prevailing Wind*. 



!HI2Mh1*!*E 



2 3 1 



1 h 

 3 1 



2 



4 

 5 



3 



2 

 3 



3 

 4 



CO 





1 

 4 

 2 

 2 



3 5 5 



1 6 10, 



3 4 9 



- 8 iO" 

 3 4 4 

 I 6 61 



- 5 4' 



8 1 

 5 I 

 * 1 



: 2 



The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the 21st. 

 1830— therm. 73 deg.; and the lowest on the 21st. 1842— therm. 20 dejr. 





and with sufficient accommodation, &c, it is easy to have 

 this house well furnished with showy plants in bloom. 

 vVhere Camellias were grown in heat early in the season 

 these will be now coming into flower plentifully, and will 

 be invaluable at present when but few first-rate hard- 

 wooded plants are in bloom, and these if allowed a fair 

 period of rest after setting their buds may be forced at 

 a< most any season, but unless there is a large stock they 

 should notbedrawn upon too largely, until the Chrysanthe- 

 mums are over. The sweet Indian Daphne is also easily 

 had in bloom at this season, and tree Carnations, which 

 when well done are very showy plants, may be had in 

 ■rreat perfection, and these should he grown rather largely 

 if for their fragrance only, and they are also exceedingly 

 useful where there is a demand for cut flowers. To 

 these, add the gay Salvia splendens, and Gesnera zebrina. 



FORCING DEPARTMENT. 



Pineries. — Use sufficient fire-heat toallowof admitting 

 a little fresh air when the weather is moderately warnf, 

 and maintain a moist state of the atmosphere, but avoid' 



while it is in good working order. And too much 

 attention can hardly be bestowed on the preparation of 

 ground intended to be planted with fruit trees. Be 

 particularly careful to secure perfect drainage, for a 

 well-drained soil is essential to fruitfulness in all kinds 

 of fruit trees, and it is worth while to secure this 

 even at a considerable expense. Where the natural 

 soil is not of a good quality for the kind of trees to be 

 planted, this should be partly removed, replacing it with 

 some good fresh turfy loam. Avoid the use of rich 

 stimulating manures, which do more harm than good. 

 Carrots, Parsnips, Beet, &c, should be lifted when the 

 ground is in good order, and stored for winter use in a 

 dry cool place ; stack them in sand to preserve them 

 from shrivelling, &c. Spring Broccoli that may be 

 growing very rank should be laid down with the heads 

 to the north, which will check the over- luxuriant 

 growth, and afford a better chance of its standing a 

 severe winter* In the event of sharp weather being 

 apprehended, a quantity of the most forward Lettuce 

 should be placed under glass, and Cauliflowers that are 

 heading should also be removed to where they can be 



protected from frost. 



Notices to Correspondents. 



Australian Seeds : Novice. Sow them next spring in a shallow 

 pan filled with light soil, and place them in a frame or pit 

 on a gentle bottom heat. When strong enough pot them off. 

 Seeds of the Pampas Grass may he treated like the above, 

 but as soon as the weather has become sufficiently warm neat 

 summer they should be planted out in the open border.J 



Diseases : JB M G (Cork). The affection on the Grapes you 

 have sent resembles that figured at p. 676, 1854, and may possi- 

 bly be a state of the same thing. No fungus is, however, 

 at present formed in the spots, nor is there any mycelium. 

 The central cells are quite gorged with brown matter, and the 

 walls of the outer cells are much discoloured. It is impossible 

 to say what is the cause of the malady, nor can we suggest any 

 remedy. As one variety of Vine alone is affected you should 

 direct especial attention to the conditions under which it is 

 placed, and to the state of the roots. Perhaps the guano you 

 have administered may be in fault. M. J. B. 



Gas Stoves: G O L. These have been made by applying a jet 

 of gas to a vessel containing water, which is thus made to 

 circulate through pipes in the usual way. But it is found in 

 practice so difficult to prevent the gas deteriorating the atmo- 

 phere of the plant house, that we know no one who now 

 employs such stoves. 



Gigantic Balsams : A Traveller must authenticate his state- 



I merits by repeating them with the addition of his name and 

 address. We cannot accept statements as facts upon the faith 

 of unknown correspondents. 



Names of Plants : We have been so often obliged to reluctantly 

 decline naming heaps of dried or other plants, that we venture 

 to request our correspondents to recollect that we never have 

 or could have undertaken an unlimited duty of this kind. 

 Young gardeners, to whom these remarks more especially apply, 

 should bear in mind that, before applying to us for assistance, 

 they should exhaust their other means of gaining information. 

 We cannot save them the trouble of examining and thinking 

 for themselves ; nor would it be desirable if we could. All we 

 can do is to help them— and that most willingly. It is now 

 requested that, in future, not more than four plants may be 

 sent us at one time.— J G. The fragments you have sent may 

 belong to Madaria corymbosa. — M €. Pteris serrulata. S-— 

 Ilythe. ./Eschynanthus grand iflorus. — L. Francoa ramosa ; but 

 there is, as so constantly happens in gardens, a mistake about 

 its origin. It is from Chile, not China ; and was introduced 

 long before Mr. Fortune went to China. The Francoa appen- 

 diculata with rosy blossoms is much handsomer. It wants a 

 cool greenhouse in winter, and plenty of warmth, air, and 

 water in summer. 



Names of Fruits: O Y. The Sanguinole Pear. — Sempervive. 

 1, Beurre* Diel; 2, Napoleon; 3, Ne Plus Meuris; 4, Marie 

 Louise ; 5, Passe Colmar ; 6, Easter Beurre. — Constant 

 Header. 1, 3, Manks" Codlin; 2, Devonshire Buckland ; 4, 

 Round Winter Nonsuch. — T IV B. Not the Beurre d'Amanlis, 

 but a remarkably fine specimen of the Doyenne" Blanc. — SB. 

 The Jersey Gratioli which you sent, grown at 200 feet 

 above the level of the sea, was certainly not so sweet as it is 

 generally in a good climate and season. It had a slight 

 acidity; but notwithstanding we found it possessed a rich 

 flavour. —J. C. Beigate. Pears :— 1, Flemish Beauty ; 2, Beurre" 

 Diel; 3, St. Germain; 4, Beurre Ranee; 5, Beurre" de Capiau- 

 raont; 6, Aston Town; 7, Marie Louise. Apples :— 1, Reinette 

 dii Canada; 2, Hollandbury; 3, Fearn's Pippin; 4, Blenheim 

 Pippin ; 6, Scarlet Nonpareil; 7, Beauty of Kent ; 9, Reinette 

 dii Canada ; 10, Lamb Abbey Pearmain ; 11, Norfolk Beaufin. — 

 Anon. 1, Roman Apricot; 2 and 3, Gallande Peach; 4, Kirk's 

 Plum; 5, Grosse Mignonne Peach; 6, Jefferson Plum. — J C. 

 Unknown; handsome, but worthless. A 1, Manks* Codlin; 

 A 2, JUwthormlen; A 4, Round Winter Nonsuch.— B B. 

 1, Chaumontel : 5, Napoleon; 7, Thompson's; 8, Beurre* de 

 Capiaumont. The others in their present state are indeter- 

 minable. — L C D. 4, Ilawthornden. The others were imper- 

 fect, and therefore not in a fit state to be named. — A B. Pears : 

 — 2, Brown Beurre; 3, Doyenne" Blanc; 4, Bishop's Thumb; 

 ; 5, Glou Morceau; 6, Crassane; 7, Old Colmar; 8, Glou Mor- 

 ceau ; 9, Chaumontel ; 10, Louise Bonne of Jersey ; 11, Comte 

 de Lamy; 12. Chaumontel; 16, Marie Louise. Apples:— 

 1, Carlisle Codlin ; 2, Manks' Codlin ; 3, White Colville; 6, Sam 

 Young; 7, like Christie's Pippin ; 8, Margil ; 9, Carlisle Cod- 

 lin; 10, Dutch Mignonne: 12, Old Nonpareil; 14, Ribston 

 Pippin. The numbers attached to these fruits were so indistinct 

 ris in some instances to be scarcely legible. The specimens 

 not named were indeterminable.|| 

 Orchard Huuses : Sub. The span-roofed form is doubtless by far 



the best. J 

 Stanwick Nectarines : J J. Your specimens, which yoo state 

 w^re ripened in the open air with the assistance of a light 

 placed before the tree for the last six weeks, were small ana 

 worthless. % 

 The Durmast Oak: Diss. We confess our inability to answer 

 your question. It was formerly believed, and that belief was 

 strengthened by the statements of the late Mr. Atkinson, that 

 the Durmast Oak was Q. sessiliflora. But more recent in- 

 quiries throw some doubt upon the point. As to the Durmast 

 < mks sold s^rae years since at Southampton, they proved to be 

 invariably the common Q. pedunculata, as we happen to know 

 from having purchased a lot of young plan*s. We very much 

 wish some correspondent residing in the New Forest would 

 send us twigs in leaf of what is now understood to be the 

 Durmast. ■ 



Worms : Alpha. The best remedy for these is lime water, which 

 is made by pouring water over fresh-burnt lime, allowing the 

 latter to settle to the bottom, and then using the water in a 

 clear tate.J 









