Oct. 20, 1855.] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



701 





mv situation. But the object of this institution is to j 

 ho* honour to good conduct. It is not the pecuniary 



L war d it is the acknowledgment publicly given to a 



man that he, in his station of life, has conducted himself 

 with thorough respectability, and deserves the respect 

 and honour of those by whom he is surrounded. That 

 is what we tell them. We give them a card which 

 shows this, and any one who goes into their cottages can 

 see that this is our opinion of them. Why, you hear of 

 soldiers fighting formerly for Is., and now for Is. 6d. 

 a day. They are not fighting for that alone. It is not 

 that which induces them to risk their lives for their 

 country. It is the hope of honour — the reward they 

 expect for distinguished conduct in the field under the 

 fire of the enemy — that is their reward. They know 

 that wherever they go in after life, wherever they go 

 before men— and still more before women — it procures 

 for them general respect. Why, the medal which they 

 receive is not worth half- a- crown. Do they ever attach 

 a money value to it ? It is the honour of the thing that 

 they regard, and it is that honour which leads them to 

 distinguish themselves in the presence of the enemy, to 

 obtain glory for themselves and their country, and 

 the advancement of public interests. And, as far 

 as we can in our humble way, as agriculturists, 

 we endeavour to promote the same feeling among 

 labourers, by giving them the highest mark we can 

 bestow of our respect and consideration. For myself, 

 it is the greatest pleasure to see these most respectable 

 persons approach this table and receive that which we 

 can bestow ; and I know it is to the employers a sub- 

 ject of the greatest gratification to be enabled to 

 produce them at this table, and show how well they 

 have been served. I am delighted to see the union 

 between master and servant which is exhibited when 

 these men come forward to receive their prizes. I know 

 the master takes as much pleasure in it as the person 

 who receives the prize. It is true that these establish- 

 ments do not, because they cannot, exist in a manufac- 

 turing districts. Is that to be stated against or as a 

 reason why we should not persevere in what we have 

 begun ? Quite the contrary. If there is any merit in 

 it, the merit is ours, in having distinguished ourselves 

 above the manufacturing classes, who have not esta- 

 blished these institutions. But in point of fact, the 

 servants of the manufacturer are situated so differently 

 — the numbers are so enormous that is impossible to dis- 

 tinguish individuals ; and in such districts societies like 

 this would be almost totally inapplicable. 



Farm Memoranda. 



Deutsch Kreutz, near Odenburg, in Hungary. — 

 After I had seen Baron von Haynau, and settled our 

 business at Vienna, I was introduced to Mr. Haswell, 

 the intelligent and talented manager of the railvyay- 

 engine and carriage manufactory at Vienna : he is a 

 native of Glasgow, which may be proud of her son. 

 These are the second largest works of the kind on the 

 Continent, and are second to none in arrangement and 

 discipline. Mr. Haswell kindly introduced me to Mr. 

 Smallbones, of Deutsch Kreutz, near Odenburg, in 

 Hungary, consulting agent to Prince Esterhazy, under 

 whom he occupies an extensive farm, which is a model 

 of what can be done by English ingenuity, industry, and 

 perseverance. Mr. Smallbones is highly thought of in 

 Hungary by both rich and poor. By invitation I went 

 down from Vienna to visit his farm in Hungary, which 

 gave me much gratification, convincing me that the 

 views I had taken of the productive powers of the soil 

 of that ill-cultivated country were sound and correct. 

 Mr. Smallbones' farm is upwards of 1200 acres English, 

 all in tillage ; he has likewise extensive rights of pas- 

 turage upon the neighbouring plains. The country all 

 around Odenburg is slightly hilly, with mountains in 

 the distance. The soil is a naturally fertile light loam, 

 but, through the wretched system of farming practised, 

 its productive powers had been much reduced ; how- 

 ever, the example and success of Mr. Smallbones must 

 ultimately do great good. Mr. Smallbones grows about 

 450 acres of Wheat, 150 of Barley, 150 of Maize, which 

 he cuts green for fattening bullocks and feeding his 

 farming horses and oxen ; 150 acres of Tares, which are 

 partly eaten in the houses by the fattening cattle and 

 teams, the rest is eaten on the land by sheep, which 

 have a liberal allowance of corn or cake at the same 

 time ; this crop is immediately followed by a crop of 

 Turnips. He has also 150 acres of Mangold Wurzel, 

 and 150 of Clover, with about 50 acres of Lucerne. I 

 believe his rotation runs thus -.—Wheat after Clover, 

 Tares followed by Turnips, Barley, Indian Corn sown 

 thick for soiling cattle, working oxen, and horses, 

 Wheat, Mangold Wurzel, Wheat, Clover. The soil, 

 like the surrounding country, is naturally good, but 

 when it came into his occupation was in a poverty- 

 stricken state ; he set to work, however, with the full 

 determination of showing what could be done in the 

 w ay of improvement. Mr. Smallbones came over to 

 England and took out a stock of the machinery and 

 implements best adapted for the country and his system 

 of farming. He is now getting his farm into excellent 

 condition ; although he has only had it a few years, his 

 crops on all those fields that have been fallowed with 

 roots are excellent, notwithstanding the season has been 

 ^n unusually dry one, which has greatly reduced the 

 usual bulk of straw, but the ears (on the land in good 

 condition) were beautifully filjed with fully-developed 

 grain. When I was there lie was having his Clover 

 mown for hay ; it was the heaviest and longest crop of 

 Clover it has ever ixsen my lot to «ee ; above a yard 



high, and as thick as it could grow ; and to see above a 

 score mowers hard at work on 140 acres of such a crop, 

 was one of the finest agricultural sights that could be 

 witnessed. Mr. Smallbones has arranged bis farm in 

 rotation as near 150 acres each as the lorm of the land 

 will permit ; but has adopted the clever plan of making 

 four fields as nearly as possible 75 acres each close to 

 the homestead, and four of the same size at the greatest 

 distance, one of each being cropped together, while in 

 the middle distance the fields are the full size of 150 

 acres ; thus he makes the distance, for the manure and 

 other haulage to be done, the same one year as another, 

 which is of great importance. The house is a splendid 

 edifice, and the farm-buildings are of the best descrip- 

 tion and conveniently built. He had upwards of 100 

 head of large Hungarian cattle up feeding upon Tares ; 

 they were to be finished upon Indian Corn or Maize cut 

 green, which is very fattening food. He had also 30 

 working oxen, 30 horses, and a large flock of sheep, 

 which are folded on the same land 48 hours, eating 

 mown tares and cake or corn mixed with a little chaff. 

 Directly the sheep are off, the land is ploughed, pulver- 

 ised, manured, and sown with Turnips ; thus the field is 

 got over as fast as the Tares are consumed. Part of 

 the crop was up, the drills showing well, and proving 

 by their straightness that the drill had been guided by 

 a good workman ; indeed, I saw Garrett's drill and 

 horse-hoe, both, managed by Hungarian ploughmen as 1 

 well as I have ever seen them in England. They were ■ 

 using the horse-hoe among the Mangold Wurzel the 

 second time before thinning, which operation was also 

 being performed in a most satisfactory way. It was 

 gratifying to see the efficiency and expedition exercised 

 by these poor ill used people when properly treated. 

 Mr. Smallbor^s' farming is first rate ; he drills his roots 

 16 inches apart and his grain 10 inches, and horse-hoes 

 the whole. Well ordered economy is the rule of his 

 establishment. He has several German, Austrian, and 

 Hungarian gentlemen's sons learning the art of agricul- 

 ture with him. I may state that he finds that the 

 proper way of making oxen work is by pushing their 

 forehead against a padded board, to the ends of which 

 the traces are attached, as is the universal system 

 throughout nearly all the continental nations. The 

 oxen so worked are in no way injured for the butcher ; 

 they can also travel faster, chewing their cud at the 

 same time, and can work longer hours without being 

 overtired. He also finds that the plough in general use 

 is much better than ours for moving and pulverising 

 the soil ; and that the rude waggons of the country are 

 as economical as our more powerful and highly finished 

 ones made in England, from their only weighing half 

 the weight of ours. Weight is of paramount importance 

 where the roads are generally mere tracks across the 

 country ; also, where produce has to be drawn a great 

 distance to market, the proportion of power consumed 

 in drawing the carriage to and fro is of vast importance, 

 therefore this people adopt as a rule, in which lie agrees 

 with them, and so do 1, that the carriage should never 

 exceed one-fifth the gross weight of the load. These 

 are, I believe, the only implements in which the con- 

 tinental nations excel us. After I left Mr. Smallbones 



Experiment No. 2. — The following sorts of Wheat were 

 drilled at 3-inch intervals (October 17, 1854), on a 

 different part of the farm to those named in Experiment 

 No. 1, on land in a high state of cultivation, and only 

 6 pecks of 6eed per acre was allowed. They were all 

 put in on lands contiguous, and produced the following 

 result : — 



Quantity per 

 acre. 



Value 



perqr 



i 



No. Bsh. Pk. 



1. Improved Browick, red ! 60 1 



2. Uxbridge, white 47 



3. Graces, white 52 2 



4. Imperial, white ... 47 



6. Grace's, white, as No. 3 52 1 



6. American, white I 45 8 



7. Brown straw, white | 43 3 





Gai. 



$. 







79 



1 



98 







85 



1 



86 







85 



1 



86 







1 85 



Value 

 per acre. 



£ 7. d. 



'24 15 10 



25 6 7 



27 17 9 



25 6 7 



7 15 2 



24 13 8 

 23 2 3 



Experiment No. 3. — On the same day aa the above 

 experiment No. 2, and on the same sort of land, the 

 following varieties of Wheat were drilled, also with 

 7 pecks of seed per acre, in rows at B inches asunder, 

 on lands adjoining. Result 



No. 



1. Spalding, red 



2. Albert, red 



3. Improved Browick, red 



4. Lammas, red 



5. Prima Donna, red ...... 



Quantity p» r 



acre. 



Bsli. Pk. 



Value 

 per qr. 



Value 

 per acre. 



47 



46 

 50 

 47 



42 



8 

 

 2 



1 

 3 



An advertisement appeared in BelVs Messenger last 

 autumn of a new variety of Wheat, called the Ne Plut 

 Ultra, and being as usual anxious to prove a new sort, 

 I procured 2 bushels of it only, as the price was rather 

 high, it having cost me, including carriage, 21. 9s. This 

 sort was drilled by the side of the improved Browick in 

 the middle of October, 1854, on a good piece of land, at 

 8-inch intervals as usual, and at the rate of about 7 pecks 

 of seed per acre. Both sorts came up and planted well, 

 but the Browick was ripe and fit to cut a fortnight 

 before the Ne Plus Ultra. The weather, however, 

 having continued fine, both sorts were harvested in 



The result, when threshed, was aa 



excellent order, 

 under 





No. 



1. Ne Pins Ultra 



Quantity per 

 acre. 



Bsh. Pk. Gal. 

 47 







Value 

 per qr 



f. 



63 



78 



Value 

 per acre 



£ »; & 



19 19 9 



22 1 2 



I observed that the farming was much better near his 

 farm, aud that it gradually declined as we got further 

 from him ; there was. however, occasionally to be seen 

 amongst the large owners one who was taking example 

 by him, and had imported some of our best implements, 

 such as Hornaby's drills, Garrett's horse-hoes, and 

 Crosskill's clod-crushers, and was also draining his 

 land and enclosing it in proper fields for rotation hus- 

 bandry. This I have little doubt will soon become the 

 rule in place of the exception as at present ; for when 

 we see a people taking up the example thus shown them, 

 and unprejudicedly adopting it as far as their means 

 will permit, it argues well for their advancement, espe- 

 cially when that example is such as will lead them to 

 wealth and prosperity. Mr. Smallbones is now beginning 

 to breed Hungarian cattle, with the view of improving 

 them to the utmost. He has also been making great 

 improvement in his flock of sheep by careful and judi- 

 cious selection of his male and female animals ; he is of 



2. Improved Browick j 45 I 



The quality of the Ne Plus Ultra Wheat was very 

 coarse, and I think not worth so much, at the present 

 value of Wheat, to the miller by 1 0s. j.er quarter as- 

 the general runs of Red Wheat I believe that I should 

 have some difficulty in disposing of it at the reduced 

 price which I have given above. It may be remarked 

 that I do not give the weight per acre of the different 

 kinds of Wheat. My practice is, when I dress up, to 

 weigh the whole quantity grown on each plot of land 

 (and not measure it), then reduce it into bushels per 

 acre of 63 lbs. each net, which is, I consider, the fairest 

 and best way. By referring to the statements I have 

 given, it will be seen that it is necessary to cultivate the 

 most productive sorts of Wheat. By attending to this, 

 and farming on a very excellent soil, accounts for the 

 large produce of Wheat which I have again this year, 

 T. E. Pawlett, Bceston, Biggleswade. [Mr. Pawlett haa 

 the credit of having for many years given attention to 

 the selection of sorts of seed Wheat, and some of those 

 named in the above list have retained their character 

 for a considerable period. The Browick red appears to 

 have proved itself for some time past a productive sort. 

 Red Wheats have furnished several varieties lately 

 of excellence, while new sorts of white have bte 

 rarer. ] 



Calendar of Operations. 



OCTOBER. 



Berwk kshirk Mebse Faem, Oct. 13.— The great bulk of eur 

 harvest was finished three weeks ago, with the exception of some 

 late Wheat which we carried a week later. One peculiarity has 



been 



opinion that the best way to get first-rate stock » to ^n^in^ ^Sri^^^T^;^? 



improve the native breeds by proper selection, treat- neighbours were engaged at the same time as we m 

 *:. __j r..j- ~ :- _.u:«i. mJ.^m. +Vi^t.« ; a t»ii/tli . .» & 5 - t ixrft.^ .rwi R«flTi« ihomrh their low sea 



merit, and feeding, in which opinion there is 

 sound judgment and sense. Mr* Love, in Journal 

 Agricultural Society of England. 



much 

 of the 



Miscellaneous. 



Experiments with WheaL—Mr. Pawlett, of Biggles- 

 wade, has for many years been in the habit of comparing 

 the productiveness of different kinds of Wheat. The 

 following is his experience for the past season, as 

 published in the columns of Bell's Messenger /—Haying 

 for the* last few years given an account of the various 

 trials which I had made on the productive properties 

 of different varieties of Wheat, I again offer to the 

 notice of your readers a statement of my experiments 

 for the present season. Experiment No. 1.— The three 

 following sorts of white Wheat were drilled separately 

 (October 12), on lands which had previously borne a 

 good crop of White Clover, at the rate of about seven 

 pecks of beed per acre, at 8-inch intervals. The rt sj t 

 1 found as follows : 



securing their spring Wheat and Beans though their low sea 

 coast makes their climate a fortnight earlier m general. Beans 

 axe not a regular crop with us, as they seldom ripen properly 

 unless allowfdTstancitill a precarious period of the season. Tha- 

 weather of August was unusually rainy, but it cleared up oppor- 

 u^ely for our commencement, and after the 25th we lost half a 

 rnkinH finished harvest, with the before-mentioned excep- 

 tions to C^^ that day. Though the weather is now 

 soft and sho^£ all the rain that has fallen has not penetrated 

 to anv depth, and our water-mill* have as yet done very little 

 work wSXuentlv we have little .idea as to how the straw. 



will rid Hf we **y J ud * e from the little we bav * d0I,e > a . n * 

 from the talk of our neighbours who have steam power , the result* 



rdteate about an average quantity of grain, but a very decided 

 nStyboth of quality and condition. The latter defect will 

 d°S^« through the winter, but with it will also disappear * 

 aree bulk of grain, which will reduce the crop to considerably 

 bSSw an average yield of well conditioned grain. The following 

 table will show the condition as indicated by the weights of this 

 crop as compared with last years at the same period :— 



no. 



1. American, white 



2. Grace's, white ... 

 periaT, 



Quantity per 

 acre. 



; Value 

 per qr 



Value 

 per ac e 



Bsh. Pk. Gal. 



52 

 47 



1 

 2 



3 



1 





 



86 

 86 



£ s. d. 

 23 17 

 •27 17 9 

 13 4 



1854 1855 



Wheat pe r bushel 



Barley ditto 

 Oats ditto 



- - • 



» . * 



• • » 



• •• 





* * 



lbs. 

 63 

 66 

 43 



lbs. 



60 to 61 



53 to 54 



40 



The young Grass was scarcely visible at reaping, having been 

 „ eariy choked by the laid stated the corn ; but it is now pretty 

 well planted, although not so regular a* Urt year, ™ attertea 

 m i bite for the lambs (hogs). The Turnip crop has si uered 



merely from §*ger and toe on some farms, e ™VV ptf ™ »H 

 total feWvSa drainage or lime are wanting. But on all 



