830 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



at different widths. Taking labour at Id. per rod, and pipes and 

 haulage at 22a. 6d. per 1000, the cost will be as follows : 



At 18 feet apart 

 21 



• • i 



24 

 27 

 30 

 40 



tf 



it 



ft 



• • • 



i • » 



■ • • 



... 



• • • 



• *• 



• • • 



• ■ • 



Ml 



■ • . 



• t • 



tit 



• •• 



«•• 



t t t 



• ft ft 



- . - 



• * ft 



• •• 



£7 

 6 

 5 

 5 

 4 

 3 



18s. 4d. 



16 

 19 

 6 

 16 

 12 



3 



S 

 9 

 5 



1 



_ v t j ... ,_- ___ 



Experience shows that a consideration of the amount of rain- 

 fall is a matter of much moment in determining the width 

 between drains. It does not appear, practically, to govern the 

 size of the pipes to be used, for if the ends of the pipes can be 

 made to join securely, and the fall is good, the smallest sized pipes 

 will he sufficiently large. But in proportion to the rain-fall, all 

 other considerations being equal, should be the distance of the 

 drains apart, in order that the condition of the soil may be suffi- 

 ciently free and active at all times to absorb and discharge the 

 maximum amount that can fall on its surface. We find from 

 sundry careful records that 141 inches may be taken as the 

 average annual rain-fall of the wettest place in Cumberland, 

 while 19$ inches may be taken as the average fall in Essex. It 

 is not enough to ascertain the quantity of rain that falls, we 

 should know the prevalent periods of continuance of rain and 

 moisture, for in accordance with the length of time intervening 

 between rains will be the opportunity for soils to undergo these 

 changes of condition which are essential to complete development 

 of draining, and which conduce to an improved "climate of the 

 soil itself:* 



We find that the average number of days in the year in which 

 Tain falls in the wettest districts of Cumberland is 210, and at 

 Castle Hill, in Devonshire, is 191 days, while at Chiswick, the 

 Average number of wet days in the year is 124, with an average 

 fall of 24 inches. Luckily, however, the clay soils of the west 

 and north-west of England are comparatively open and porous, 

 and thus counteract the humidity of atmosphere under which 

 they exist. With respect to the direction of drains, I believe 

 very little difference of opinion exists. All the most successful 

 drainers concur in the line of steepest descent as essential to effec- 

 tive and economical drainage. Certain exdlptions are recognised 

 in the West of England, but, I believe it will be found as practice 

 extends in that quarter that the exceptions have been allowed in 

 error. There is much difference of opinion as to the adoption of an 

 equi-distant parallel system in lands of the ridge and furrow form. 

 In arable land, the most successful drainers throoghout the coun- 

 try disregard the furrows, whereas we find the majority of those 

 in the midland counties leaning to the adoption of the furrows as 

 the course of the drains in grass lands. The same difference of 

 opinion prevails as to the use of collars. Some good drainers 

 object to them on account of the cavity left between the collars, 

 but the majority approve of them, and would use them in all 

 •oils were it not for the additional cost. In sandy and gravelly 

 soils they are indispensable. With regard to the admission of 

 air to the heads of drains, as advocated by Mr. Simon Hutchinson, 

 very few think it advisable, while some go so far as to say it is 

 -decidedly injurious. 



Upon the question of outlets there appears to be mnch differ- 

 ence of practice, where there should be none. In the whole 

 process of draining there is nothing so desirable as permanent 

 a.nd substantial work at the point of discharge, so as to reduce to 

 a minimum the ill effects of inattention on the part of tenants, 

 and the neglect of communication between present and succeeding 

 owners. It is considered that the more frequent the outlets the 

 more active the drainage, but as every additional outlet involves 

 additional cost in erecting and care in preserving them, prudence 

 suggests that the number of acres draining to one outlet should 

 never be more than 20 or less than six, if the form of the land 

 and size of the fields will permit of these limits. On this 

 arrangement, iron pipes, with suring gratings, set in mason, 

 may be provided at the cost of Is. per acre. If these several 

 objects be borne in mind in carrying into operation the main 

 principle of adequate depth, there will be but little chance of 

 failure. Having perfected the work, one thing still remains to 

 be done. A plan or record of the lands drained, and the position 

 of the drains is necessary ; and in order that such a record may 

 be preserved for future generations, it is desirable that a 

 national office, connected with the Tithe and Inclosure Commis- 

 sions, should be set apart for the purpose. It would be invidious 

 to point out instances in which recent works of drainage have 

 already become useless from change of ownership and the 

 indifference of successors. The cost of planning the drains after 

 execution need not exceed 6d. to 9d. per acre, where a map of the 

 lands already exists, and after we have spent £5 per acre in 

 draining, does it not appear the very height of folly not to 



preserve a record of so expensive an object at a cost of 6d. ner 

 acre ? r 



SLATE WORKS, ISLEWORTH, MIDDLESEX. 



EDWARD BECK Manufactures in Slate a variety 

 of articles for Horticultural purposes, all of which may be 

 seen in use at Worton Cottage, on application to the Gardener, 



Sundays excepted. 

 Priced Lists ot Plant Tubs and Boxes forwarded on application 



LIQUID 



A N U R E. 





PATENT LIQUID-MANURE DISTRIBUTOR 

 OR WATER-CART, for the Distribution of Guano, &c, 

 warranted not to clog up or otherwise get out of order. It has 

 Waterproof Joints, and will scatter its Liquid from 12 to 15 feet 

 wide. It will work equally well on hilly or on level land without 

 any alteration. It is thoroughly adapted for Drill Crops or 

 Pasture Land, or for Watering Streets. — Full particulars may be 

 obtained of the Patentee, Isaac James, Tivoli, Cheltenham. 





WARNER'S 41-inch 

 MANURE PUMP, 

 with Ball Valve, fitted with 

 14 inch Brass Union for 

 attaching flexible suction, 

 with strong wrought iron 

 Straps for screwing on to 

 any ordinary Water-butt or 

 Cart, as shown in drawing. 



Price of Pump and Union, 

 50*. 



lj-inch Flexible Rubber 

 and Canvas Suction for ditto, 

 3s. 6d. per foot. 



IMPROVED LIQUID 



H Gutta Percha Suction, 

 Is. 6d. per foot. 



WARNER'S PATENT VIBRATING STAN- 

 DARD PUMPS. 



PATENT CAST-IRON PUMPS, for the use of Farms, Cot- 

 tages, Manure Tanks, and Wells of a depth not exceeding 30 feet. 



Diameter Length 



of Barrel, of Barrel. £ s. d. 



2 J in. short 1 ft. 7 in. ( Fitted for lead, \ 1 10 O 

 2\ „ long 3 „ 3 „ gutta percha, / 1 14 



3 „ ditto 3 „ 6 „ 4 or cast iron ^2 8 

 3.| „ ditto 3 „ 6 „ flanged pipe, 2 12 



4 „ ditto 3 „ 6 „ I as required. J 3 3 

 2i „ short, with 15 feet of Lead Pipe 



attached, and Bolts and Nuts 



ready for fixing 2 14 



2| in. long ditto ditto ditto 2 18 



Calendar 



DECEMBER. 

 Hexham, Dec. 6.— November has kept up its character of 

 * gloomy and dark" till within a few days of its close, which 

 rendered Turnip storing and Wheat sowing a somewhat delicate 

 operation By taking advantage of the few fine days, especially 

 those at the close of the month, we have succeeded in getting all our 

 roots intended for cattle stored in good condition, and a portion of 



«. t w 7T Wlt !l Wh ^ and hope with a week of the Present fine 

 weather to have the whole sown in good condition. The Turnips 



»LTJ«n£J e pU T V tore in he *P 8 of convenient size, 

 and scattered at commodious distances over the ground on which 



they are grown, so as to preserve them from the frost and vermin 

 and have always a command of fresh unfrozen food for the sheeo 

 during winter. From the damp state of the weather our Wheat 

 after seeds was not all sown till towards the middle of last month 

 and to all of it we applied either farm-yard manure 5S 

 phate, or guano. Our cattle have been on Swedes since the 

 middle of last month, and are doing well on Turnips and straw 

 alone, except those most forward in condition, which are getting 

 5 lbs. of cake each in addition. In course of a week we hope to 

 be able to give them all a mash of minced Turnips, meal, cake 

 and cut straw, but no hay, which is by far too expensive to be 

 given to cattle. The crop threshes out very indifferently both as 

 to quantity and quality, especially the Wheat, and this is a very 

 general complaint all over this district. 



The short barrel Pump is very convenient 

 for fixing in situations of limited height and 

 space, for the supply of coppers and sinks in 

 Wash-houses with soft water from under- 

 ground tanks, or in Hot, Forcing, and Plant 

 Houses; they may be fixed, when desired, 

 under the stage. 



May be obtained of any Ironmonger or 

 .riumDer in lown or Country, at the above prices, or ot the 

 Patentees and Manufacturers, JOHN WARNER and SONS, 

 8, Crescent, Jewin Street, London. 



Every description of Machinery for Raising Water by means 

 of Wheels, Rams, Deep Well Pumps, &c; also Fire and Garden 

 Engines^&c. &c .—-Engravings sent on application. 



THE HYDRAULIC RAM will rais^ 

 water, without manual labour, to any 

 height, where a small fall can be obtained. 



Fire, Garden, Deep Well, Liquid Manure, 

 and all other Pumps, 



Fountains of every description erected; 

 Rockwork, Grottoes, &c. 



HoselPipe of every kind for watering 

 Gardens. 



W. F. Roe (late Freeman Roe), Hydraulic 

 Engineer, 70, Strand, London. 



Notices to Correspondents. 



Bread : J T J? asks if any of oar subscribers can give a novice 

 any information as to the best method of making the brownest 



earitl'i Ji 1 -* <?** d0C8 not succeed in it, and yet she makes 

 capital white bread. 



°wm^l^ mt SV ? c L - 1 \ !s spread on the barn floor 



v^ry w«U witiHt ** JWB ' The Cattle 8€em t0 d ° 



*^ bum U ?L 1 RASS LAND * ^SW- You had better pare 

 th^lan^Wn?. P° W a - Cr0 1 p of Tu «riP* and thoroughly clean 

 ffxS ^JK^ dara ln the ****** *•« with a 



^^h%\u' Z i^ ino Y ^ ni 9 n ^ hkA m** t0 ««™ fowls 



They supply not hie 

 me, and especially 



t 



cmUmra &» -kLxtZ'a ^ a ^V aii y oncKiayer s rubbish, old 



thenl*te™? tL*° an y thin g th *t ^s a tendency to make 

 them eat eggs. They are apt scholars. Thev do w'll in the 



KrxT IiThev^nTw^' ^ fl ° 0r * the rating ho-e be 

 &r& S K baa pTant ^tnT £ 7^1fT « 



it be uniform, and the spangling regular, the lees a eood clear 

 $&2£ *&?"* W6U ^^ Th *Vknot s^ouX? have 



M 



PARKES' STEEL DIGGING FORKS S DRAINING TOOLS 



MESSRS. BURGESS and KEY M J. I?! ''• 



Wholesale Agents for England, haCL!™ . . K f 

 large assortment. These Forks and Tools .'^Tw h 8t ° C 1 * 

 upwards of 1000 of the Nobility and Farmer, Jl\ n Us f ^ 

 Royal Agrienltnral Society, who prono U n™ t T ' ?T k^^V 1 " 5 

 ever invented, and to facilitate labo " at ?.«♦ of* the beSt 

 Price Lists sent free on application, and nE*!? £ e f , Cent - 

 of the best Farm Implements, on receipt of efi™ Sl« f^ 8 "* 



103, Newgate Street Londo* ^ ^^ Staraps - 



R 



Roofs, and every description of metal work. 

 Manufactory as above. 



stand 

 colours 





**!??*'$,**& App ARATUS. 

 PEILL, 17, New Park Street <!«. *u 



" • (late Stephenson and Peill), Tventor^f Hh! °" th *»A, 

 Conical Boilers in Iron and Copper, is now enabled \l Im P r "ed 

 siderable reduction in the prices charged bv his lainc e con - 

 supply the trade upon very advantageous terms with' ? nd *> 

 for Warming Buildings of every description ; E^CoieJS^** 

 Roofs, and everv descnntion of mAt«i «™^ Prices X ^ 



stephensonTi^steph^^ 



• 61, Gracechurch Street, London, Manufacture «iV b ' 

 Hurdles, Fencing, &c, Improved Iron and Copper Gonial t> V 011 

 and Apparatus for Warming Buildings of everv descrinV lleri 

 Hot Water.- Pr ices and Estimates furnished upon appflcat? ' b? 



/CROCUS, TULIP, and HYACiNTTBASKgfe 



vy with Wire or Zinc Linings, for suspension or for toni* 



; also Bracket Baskets made and Japanned in a vari«»t ! 



s and designs, by W. Richards, Imperial Wirp iv? u° f 



370, Oxford Street. Conservatories fitted up. Workfi > 



Window Blinds and Wirework of ev<$ry description 



13 ALUSTRADING FOR GARDeFt^RRACES 



»-* executed in Austin's Artificial Stone, by J Seeley n * 

 Austin and Seeley), Nos. 1 to 4, Keppel Row, New Road 



This work is of the same constitution as Portland Stoup a * 

 after a winter's exposure is hardly distinguishable from 'thJ* 

 material : it has been extensively used in Scotland for 20 years 



EAT, DURABLE, AND WELl7~EXECUTFri 



LABEL FOR NAMING PLANTS.— The AdvertiT 

 will forward on the receipt of a stamped envelope, containing 

 two postage stamps, a Zinc Label, neatly painted, lettered in oi 

 paint, as a specimen for those who may require a number- thp 

 can be supplied at 2d. each .—Address F. H„ at Mr Rnn<v/ 

 Walcot, Salop. _ * * onas » 



HPRANSPARENT SHEETING, a s^ibstituVfor 



-1- Garden Mats, nearly two yards wide, Is. per yard run- 

 much approved; thick Canvas ditto, Is. per square yard- strong 

 Tarpaulings for Carts and Waggons, 2s. per square yard- 

 serviceable second hand ditto, ls.\ Waterproof Capes, to protect a 

 man from wet while stooping down, 3s. each; second hand 

 Policemen's Capes, fresh dressed, 18s. and 245. per dozen- 

 Horses' Waterproof Loin Cloths, lined with woollen, 7s each- 

 Driving Aprons, Is. each ; India Rnbber Coats, 16s • ' Oilad 

 Coats, 7s. 6d. ' vuett 



R. RiCHA BDSoy, 21, Tonbridge Place,JNew Road, London. 



1*7 IRE FENCING, less than 2-inch mesh, in various 



* * widths, from 15 inches to 6 feet wide, at 6|rf. per square 

 yard ; 3-inch mesh, 4tf. per square yard ; 4-inch mesh, 3d. per 

 square yard. Galvanized Wire Fencing, Is. per square yard 

 U-inch mesh. The above Wire-work is made by machinery! 

 and is the cheapest article of the kind in England. ' 



R. Richardso n , 21, Tonbridge Plac e, New Road, London. 



NETTING FOR SHEEP FOLDS. 



WILDE Y and CO., Holland Street, Blackfriars 



*V Road, London, are the original introducers of the 

 COCOA-NUT FIBRE SIIEEPFOLDING NETS, which 14 

 years' experience has proved to possess the most extraordinary 

 durability when exposed to alterations of weather. Cocoa-nut 

 fibre will wear out several sets of tarred hemp netting, and is so 

 light that a herdsman may"with ease carry 200 yards of it. 



Wildey & Co. were awarded a Prize Medal tor this Netting 

 by the Royal Agricultural Society in 1842, at the Exhibition of 

 all Nations, in 1851, and at the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 

 1855. Sold in Nets of 50 and 100 yards long, 42 inches high, by 

 the Manufacturers, Wildev & Co., at the Cocoa-nut Fibre 

 Works, Ho lland Street, Blackfriars Road, London. 



TRELOAR'S COCOA7NUT~FIBRE MANUFAC- 

 TURES consist of MATTING, DOOR MATS, MAT- 

 TRESSES, HASSOCKS, BRUSHES, &c, and are distinguished 

 by superiority and excellence of workmanship, combined with 

 moderate charges. Catalogues, containing prices and every 

 particular, free by post.— T. Treloab, Cocoa-nut Fibre Manu- 

 facturer, 42, Ludgate Hill, London. 



oi^^ATlLNER'S HOLDFAST AND FIRE- 



& -*- & RESISTING SAFES (non-conducting and vapour- 

 ising), with all the improvements, under their Quadruple Patents 

 ot 1840-51-54 and 1855, including their Gunpowder Proof Solid 

 Lock and Door (without which no Safe is secure), the strongest, 



BEST, and CHEAPEST SAFEGUARDS EXTANT. 



Milner's Phoenix (212°) Safe Works, Liverpool, the most com- 

 plete and extensive in the world. Show Rooms, 6 and 8, Lord 

 Street, Liverpool. London Depot, 47a, Moorgate Street, City. 



Circulars free by post. 



DISH COVERS and HOT WATER DISHES in 

 every material, in great variety, and of the newest and 

 most recherche patterns. Tin dish covers, 6s. 6d. the set of six ; 

 block tin, 12s. Sd. to 28s. 9d. the set of six ; elegant modern 

 patterns, Ms. to 58s. 6d. the set ; Britannia metal, with or witn- 

 out silver plated handles, 76s. 6d. to 110s. 6rf. the set: SHeraeia 

 plated, 101. to 161. 10s. the set ; block tin hot-water dishes, wun 

 wells for gravy, 12s. to 3Cs.; Britannia metal, 22s. to 77s.; electro- 

 plated on nickel, full size, 11Z. lis. 



THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE FOR SILVER.-- 

 The real NICKEL SILVER, introduced 20 years ago by 

 William S. Burton, when PLATED by the patent P roces ^J 

 Messrs. Elkington & Co., is beyond all comparison the very oesc 

 article next to sterling silver that can be employed as such, e uner 

 usefully or ornamentally, as by no possible test can it be aw- 



tinguished from real silver. 



Tea Spoons, per dozen 

 Dessert Forks „ ... 

 Dessert Spoons 

 Table Forks 

 Table Spoons 





V 



• •• 



• ■ I 



• • • 



• » * 



• • . 



• • t 



Fiddle 

 Pattern . 



18*. 

 80*. 



aos. 



40s. 

 40s. 



Thread or 

 Brunswick Kings 

 Pattern. Pattern. 



# 1 1 



• • • 



• • . 



• • ■ 



26s. 

 40s. 

 42s. 

 56s. 

 58s. 



« • • 



• •• 



• » » 



f • • 



• •• 



32*. 

 16* 



48s. 

 64s. 

 Gfo. 



28s. 

 2ls. 

 lis. 



■ ► • 



t •• 



i •• 



305. 





Tea and Coffee Sets, Waiters, Candlesticks. Ac, at proportions 

 prices. All kinds of re-plating done by the patent process. 



CHEMICALLY PURE NICKEL NOT P^Tp- -,* 



Fiddle. Thread. King's* 



Table Spoons and Forks, full size, per doz.l2s, . . . 



Dessert ditto and ditto „ 10s. ... 



Tea ditto „ 6s. ... - 



HOT AIR, GAS, VESTA, JOYCE'S STOVBh. 

 Stoves for the economical and safe heating of hal is, s^ nm 

 warehouses, passages, basements, and the like, Dem » * JfJ: 

 season demanded, WILLIAM S. BUKTON invites attention w 

 his unrivalled assortment, adapted (one or the other) to fve|7 

 conceivable requirement, at prices from 10s. each ^30gu in fJ' 

 His variety of register and other Stoves, Fenders, and Kite" 

 Ranges, is the largest in existence. .^ g 



The alterations and additions to these very extensive P^Lg 

 (already by far the largest in Europe), which have occupied ^ 

 whole year, are now nearly com pleted. They are of suC ^ 

 character that the entire of EIGHT HOUSES is now devowu 

 to the display of the most magnificent stock of GEN£**j~ r 

 HOUSE IRONMONGERY (including Cutlery, Nickel SH^j 

 Plated, and Japanned Wares. Iron and Brass ^ dstead9 ^ 

 Bedding;, arranged in Sixteen Large Show Rooms, so as to an 



parties furnishing facilities in the selection of goods that c 

 not be hoped for elsewhere. 



Catalogues, with engravings, sent (per post) free. . \ 



39, Oxford Street; 1, Ia, 2, and 3, Newman Street; ana *r 



and 6, Perry's Place. Established A.a. 1820. 



