Dec. 





1855.] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



841 





PERUVIAN GUANO, Bolivian Guano, Superphos- 

 phate of Lime, Nitrate of Soda, Sugar Scum, and every 

 description of Artificial Manures, Linseed Cakes, &c. 



Wm. Inglis Carne, 10, Mark Lane, London. 



PERUVIAN GUANO.— As Agents of the Peruvian 

 Government for the Importation and Sale of this valuable 

 MANUKE, we think it right, for the protection of consumers and 

 respectable dealers, to apprise them that the adulteration of the 

 article is still extensively practised, and to recommend them to 

 apply either to ourselves ; to our agents, Messrs. Gibbs, Bright, 

 & Co., of Liverpool and Bristol ; or to dealers of established 

 character, in whose honesty and fair dealing they can place 

 implicit confidence.— Antony Gibbs & Sons. 



THE FOLLOWING MANURES are manufactured 

 at Mr. Lawes' Factory, Deptford Creek: — Turnip Manure, 

 7/. per ton; Superphosphate of Lime, 71.; Sulphuric Acid and 

 Coproli'es, 61. — Office, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge. 



N.B. Genuine Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 16 per 

 cent, of ammonia. Nitrate of Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and 

 other Chemical Manures. 



THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY'S NITRO- 

 PHOSPHATE OR WHEAT MANURE FOR AUTUMN 

 S0WIN(x. — This Manure, composed of blood, animal matter, 

 and dissolved bones with silicates, is most strongly recommended 

 to the notice of Agriculturists, It contains from 7 to 8 per cent, 

 of nitrogen, in a form yielding ammonia by slow decomposition, 

 and is therefore particularly adapted for Wheat. The quantity 

 required is 2 to 3 cwt. per acre drilled in with the seed. Price, 

 per ton, 71. 10s. in London. 



PERUVIAN GUANO, FISHERY SALT, and every other 

 MANURE on best terms, strictly warranted. 

 40, Bridge Street, Blackfriars. E. Purser, Sec. 



RTIFICIAL MANURES, &c.— Manufacturers and 



others engaged in making ARTIFICIAL MANURES may 



obtain every necessary instruction for their economical and 

 efficient preparation, by applying to J. C. Nesbit, F.G.S., &C, 

 Principal of the Agricultural and Chemical College, Kenntngton, 

 London. Analyses of Soils, Guanos, Superphosphates of* Lime, 

 Coprolites, &c, and Assays of Gold, Silver, and other Minerals, 

 are executed with accuracy and dispatch. Gentlemen desirous 

 of receiving instructions in Chemical Analyses and Assaying, 

 will find ample facility and accommodation at the College. 



L> R A I N A C £ OF LAN 0. " 



MR. J. JOMNv>ON, Drainage Engineer, is desirous 

 to undertake the Drainage of Land by Contract or Com- 

 mission. Temporary Tileries erected in any part of England, 

 and Drain Pipes manufactured at moderate prices. Every descrip- 

 tion of Drainage Tools. — Abingdon Street, Westminster. 



I MPR OVIMENT cTf LAND. 

 Tenants for Life and Others. 



MR. HUMBERT, of Watford, Herts, a Land 

 Agent and Surveyor of more than 20 years' experience, 

 offers advice to Landowners having hut limited or life interests, 

 as to the means by which they can effect improvements without 

 an immediate outlay; and his services in Erecting and Improving 

 Farm Buildings, in Draining, Reclaiming, Planting, and Road- 

 making by contract or commission, and the general Improve- 

 ment of Land ; also in Falling and Selling Timber, in the Transfer 

 and Management of Estates, and the Enfranchisement of Copy- 

 liolds. Mr. Humbert has long been largely interested in Landed 

 Property, and is authorised to refer to his employers. 



WNERS OF SETTLED ESTATES and OTHERS 



desirous of availing themselves >f the various recent Acts 

 of Parliament, by which they may charge their Estates with 

 money expended in the Improvement, Conversion, and ReclnniH- 

 tion of Land, by Drainage, Irrigation, Embanking, Inclosing, 

 making Farm-roads, Clearing, the erection of Farm-buildings 

 and Machinery, Planting and other Agricultural Improvements, 

 are respectfully informed that Messrs. Hrwitt Davis & Francis 

 Vigebs undertake to advise and furnish Plans and Estimates, 

 and if required, will contract to do the works, and dispose of the 

 Kent charges.— 3, Frederick's Place, Old Jewry, London. 



T~ HE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE AND 1M- 

 PROVEMENT COMPANY 



Offices, 52, Parliament Street, London. 

 Henry Ker Seymer, Esq. M.P., Chairman. 



1. This Company is incorporated by Act of Parliament to faci- 

 litate the Drainage of Land, the Making of Roads, the Erection 

 of Farm Buildings, and other Improvements on all descriptions of 

 Property, whe her held in fee, or under entail, mortgage, in trust, 

 «r as ecclesiastical, or Collegiate Property. 



2. In no case is any investigation of Title necessary. 



3. The Works may be designed and executed by the Land- 

 owner or his Agents, independently of the Company's officers, or 

 he may elect whether he will employ their staff. Equal faci- 

 lities WILL BE AFFORDED IN EITHER CASE. 



4. The whole cost of the works and expenses will, in all cases, 

 fee charged on the Lauds improved, to be repaid by half-yearly 



instalments. 



5. The term of such charge may be fixed by the Landowner, 

 and extended to fifty years for Land Improvements and 

 TiiiRTy-oNK years for Farm Buildings, wherebv the instalments 

 will be kept within such a fair percentage a< the occupiers of the 

 *n\pro ved Lands can afford to pay. William Clifford, Sec. 



T'HE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY — 



■*■ Incorporated by Act of Parliament, 1852—53, for England 

 *nd Scotland, and further empowered by Amendment Act, 

 1854—55. To Landowners, the Clergy, Solicitors, Estate Agents, 

 Surveyors, <& c ., Tenants for Life, Trustees, Owners in Fee, In- 

 cumbents of Livings, Bodies Corporate; Lessees for Lives 

 renewable, or for a term of more than 25 years ; (and Lessee* 

 for Lives not renewable, or for a term less than 25 years 

 w ith consent of their Lessor), Ac. are enabled, by way of Loan 

 from the. Cotnpiinv, or by their «wn funds, to execute and 

 charge on the Lands improved, by way of rent- charge for a 

 term of 25 vears, repaying capital and interest, the cost of every 

 landed improvement, especially of Drainage, Irrigation, Warping, 

 Embanking from the Sea, from Lakes, Rivers, or Streams, 

 Inclosing any Land, or improving Drains, Streams, or Water- 

 courses, Reclamation, Farm Roads, Clearing, Erection of Karra- 

 nouses and other Buildings required for farm purposes, and the 

 Improvement of and Additions to Farm Houses, and other Build- 

 ings for Farm purposes already erected; Planting for Shelter 

 and for Periodical Cuttings, Jetties or Landing Places on the ea 

 Loast or on the hanks of navigable Rivers or Lakes In f he High- 

 ■*nds and Islands of Scotland; Engines and Machinery for 

 Drainage. Engine-houses for Farm Steadings, &c, Water-wheels, 



ranks. Pipes, Water-courses, Bridges, Sluices, &c. The Plans 

 °f Buildings, Specifications and estimates are prepared by ?h** 

 Applicant's own Agents and are submitted to the approval of the 

 ^closure <*oraniis*ioners' Inspectors who are also the sole judge 

 °f the due execution of the works. Proprietors may apply jointly 



*°r the execution of Improvements mutually beneficial.— stick as 

 a common Outfall— Roads through the District— Water power, 

 *c. The Directors winIi it to be understood that the Company is 

 ® r a strictly commercial character, and that the details of Hie 

 P'ans and of the execution of the Works are not Interfered with 

 7 them, hut are controlled by the Landowner and by the Inclo- 

 se Commissioners. For further information and for Forms of 

 application, apply to the Honourable William Napier, Manag- 

 es Director, 2, Old Palace Yard, Westminster. 



KOYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 

 CIRENCESTER. 

 Patron - His Royal Highneas Prince Albert. 

 President of Council— Karl Bathurst. 

 Principal — Rev. J. S. Hatgarth, M.A. 



Profes>ors. <&c. 



Chemistry— J. A. C Voelcker, Ph. D., F.C.S. 



Zoology. Geology, and Botany — Jas Buckman, F G.S., F.L.S. 



Veterinary Medicine and Surgery— G. T. Brown, M.K.C.V.S. 



Surveying, Civil Engineering, and Mathematics— 



F. Armstrong, C.E. 

 Manager of Farm — G. Austin. 

 The First Session of 1856 will begin February 5. The annual 

 fees for boarders vary from 45 to feO guineas, according to a^« 

 and other circumstances; the fee for out students is 40Z. per 

 annum. The College course of lectures and practical instruction 

 is complete in one twelvemonth, though a longer course i^ 

 recommended. Prospectuses and information can be had on 

 application to the Principal __ 



i COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE and CHEMISTRY, 



VV and of PRACTICAL and GENERAL SCIENCE, 37 and 

 Lower Kennington Lane, Kennington, uear London. 



Principal— J. C. Nesbit, F.G.S., F.C.S., <fec. 



The system of studies pursued in the College comprises every 

 branch requisite to prepare youth for the pursuits of Agriculture, 

 Engineering, Mining, Manufactures, and the Arts; for the Naval 

 and Military Services, and for the Universities. 



Analyses and Assays of every description are promptly an 

 accurately executed at the College. The terms and other par- 

 ticulars may be had on application to the Principal. 



Mr. Nesbit is prepared to make engagements to deliver in 

 the couutry a limited number of Lectures on Agricultural 

 Chemistry during the next twel vemonth. 



BIRMINGHAM CaTTLKanp POULTRY SHOW. 

 -At the ANNUAL GENERXL MEETING of BtJB- 

 CRIEERS, held at Dee's Royal Hotel, Birmingham, on the 13th 

 of December, the Right Hon. the Earl of Dartmouth in the chair, 

 the following RESOLUTIONS were unanimously adopted : — 

 Moved by C. M. Caldecott, Esq.; seconded by Howard 



Luckcock, Esq.— 



That the Right Hon. the Earl of Lichfield be appointed the 

 President for the ensuing year. 



Moved by Howaed Luckcock, Esq.; seconded by Mr. John 



Lo w e — 

 That the cordial thanks of this Meeting be given to the Earl 

 of Dartmouth, for his courteous and kind attention to the business 

 of the Society during the past year. 



Moved by Mr. J. Mathews; seconded by William Jamks, 

 Esq.-- 

 That the thanks of this Meeting be given to Mr. Shackel, and 

 that he be requested to continue the ofnee of Treasurer of the 

 Society for the ensuing year. 



Moved by C. M. Caldecott, I [« ; seconded by B. D. 

 Webster, Esq. — 

 That this Meeting unanimously concur with the Judges in re- 

 probating the practice of trimming the fleeces of Sheep for the 

 purpose of exhibition, as being calculated to deceive the public 

 eye, although it cannot mislead the Judges, and requsets the. 

 Council to direct their attention to the subject, with a view of 

 effectually repressing the practice. 



Moved by Mr. T. B. Wright; seconded by Mr. John Lo WE— 

 That, in the opinion of this Meeting, it is desirable that the 

 Show of the Smithrield Club and that held in Birmingham should 

 on no occasion take place at the. same time; and that the Council 

 be requested to take into consideration the propriety or otherwise 

 of fixing the Birmingham Show one week earlier than that in 

 London; and if such change appears to them to be calculated to 

 promote the interests of the Exhibitors of Stock, and the conve- 

 nience of Purchasers and Visitors generally, to make the neces- 

 sary arrangements accordingly. 



Moved by Mr. J. Mathews; seconded by C. M. Caldecott, 



Esq. — 

 That, in the opinion of this Meeting, it is desirable to discon- 

 tinue the Annoal Dinner, and to substitute in the place thereof 

 a Lecture or Lectures on some, subject connected with Agricul 

 rate, with a discussion or discussions thereupon ; and that the 

 Council for the ensuing year be requested to make the necessary 

 arrangements for such Lecture or Lectures; and that the 

 President be invited to preside. Dartmouth. 



The chair having been vacated by the Earl of Dartmouth, and 

 II. Luckcock, Esq., having been called thereto:— 



Moved by C. M. Caldecott, Esq.; seconded by Mr. J. 

 Mathews: and paused unanimously : - 

 That the Thanks of this Meeting be given to the President for 

 his courteous and able conduct in the chair this day. 



Howard Luckcock. 



£fte agricultural ©alette. 



SATURDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1855. 



-» 



The discussion on Land Drainage which followed 

 Mr. Bailey Dknton's paper before the Society of 

 Arts turned more exclusively on the Keythorpe 

 sy.stem than, considered in the interest of agriculture 

 generally, was perhaps desirable. One expected to 

 have heard on that occasion an extensive experience 

 described or a satisfactory theory demonstrated in 

 reference to the passage of water through the 

 soil. If, in the one case, we had had the results of 

 land drainage classified according to the circum- 

 stances under which they had occurred, so as to 

 bring out the effects of deep and shallow conduits, 

 of varying intervals between them, and so on ; and 

 if, in the others, we had had the laws of hydro- 

 statics applied to the conditions under which water 

 in the soil is placed, the discussion would 

 have been more useful agriculturally than it. has 

 been. The deba?e was, however, to be renewed this 

 week, and many of the points that we have named 

 will, no doubt, obtain a fuller investigation at the 

 adjourned discussion than they had previously 



received- 

 At the meeting last week Mr. Trimmer followed Mr. 

 rt Denton with an account of the Kevthorpe 



Mr. Hewitt Davis objected to that 

 system on the ground that the sub-ridges and 

 farrows on which it depended were too various in 

 their position and in their depth to be made the 

 basis of any regular or trustworthy operations. 



Mr. Mbchi areued for the efficiency and profitable- 

 ness of deep drains with narrow intervals :— ever, 

 foot of earth gained in depth was 1200 tons per acre 



for the use of plants. Lord Berners entered 



B, 



drainage. 



mo long details upon the drainage of his estate at 

 Keythorpe. His lordship had tried the various 

 plans of drainage side by side, but none of them 

 were satisfactory — he had spent manv thousand 

 pounds in Irving shallow draining, and it had proved 

 a failure—his success was obtained by the use of 

 trial holes, and the placing conduits so as to take 

 the water from the natural drains, viz. the furrows 

 filled with the porous material overlying the sub- 

 soil. Mr. Bazalgette, engineer to the Metropolitan 

 Commission of Sewers, stated very fairly, as it 

 appears to us, the true objects of such a discussion 

 as they were then engaged in : — 



u There were a large number of gentlemen pre- 

 sent from various parts of the country, each of 

 whom could contribute valuable lesults 



which, 



when collected, might throw considerable light upon 

 the science of land drainage. It appeared to him that 

 in considering the subject, the first principles to be 

 determined were — First, what is the 



were — r irsi, wnai is mt? minimum 

 lepth to which the waters should be reduced below 

 the surface, to render th* drainage perfect. It might 

 vary considerably in different localities, and for 

 different purposes, and this was a question for the 

 aericultuiist to determine. It was then for the land 



draining engineer to ascertain at what slope the 

 waters would percolate through various soils with 

 sufficient velocity from this minimum depth below 

 the surface towards his drains; and the relative 

 distance between them and the required depth of 

 the drains themselves would then 1 o resolved into 

 a question of comparative cost, and could be deter- 

 mined upon a sure and safe guidii principle." 



Mr. Bakkk, of Wiittle. argued that U the water 

 was held by the porous portions of the a baoil, there 

 was no necessity for penetrating in T o the retentive 

 beds below it ; any fixed dep'h of 4 feet or more 

 prescribed for the drains would be totally unneces- 

 sary further than as concerned their durability and 

 relieving the soil to the depth of 2 feet. 



Mr. Clutterbuck referred to the light which 

 knowledge of the geology of a district afforded 

 to the drainer, illustrating it by the experience of 

 geologist and drainage engineer in the neighbour- 

 hood of Oxford. Mr. Hoskvns, who presided, 

 summed up the remarks of the previous speakers 

 against the advocates of a shallow system of 



drainage. 



It will thus be seen that while many of the most 

 influential authorities on the subject spoke, yet the 

 purposes of a full discussion, such as Mr. Ba/algettk 

 indicated, were by no means fully served. 



The only addition to existing knowledge, so far as 

 we are aware, for which we have to thank the meet- 

 ing was due to Mr. II. S. Thomh «, who gave a 

 very lucid and ingenious illustration of the greater 

 quickness of the deeper drain, and as his experi- 

 ment throws considerable light upon the relations 

 of air, soil, and rain-water, we give his speech 

 entire : 



It was known that in certain cases deep drains 

 began to run, after rain, sooner than shallow ones, 

 which fact had been long disputed, and when 

 proved beyond a doubt had puzzled the highest 

 authorities in such matters. He had b-en present 

 at discussions at which Mr. Parkes and others had 

 offered suggestions to account for it, which were 

 not satisfactory to him. He had, therefore, had 

 glass tubes made, of different lengths, and filled with 

 soil, and had tested the times at which they began to 

 drip when water was poured on them all at the 

 same moment. If the soil was dry, the short tube? 

 which represented shallow drains, began to ran 

 first, but if water was t tin poured on the tubes 

 before that previously poured on had all passed 

 through, they began' to drip again immediately 

 that the second quantity of water was poured on, 

 and without waning for the water last used to 

 pass through the soil. This was evidently due to 

 the elasticity of the air confined between the free 

 wa'er at the bottom and that at the top of the 

 column of earth, and in this case all the tubes, of 

 whatever length, be in to drip at the same moment. 

 If, however, the tubes, after the first application of 

 water, were allowed to remain some weeks, the 

 >hort tubes discharged the whole of the free water, 

 but the long ones, representing deep drained land, 



still retained a little free water at the bottom of the 

 columnofear!h,and when water was again poured onat 



the top, this free water was immediately discharged, 



or the deep drain began to run ; where** the short 

 tube, or shallow dram, having discharged all its free 

 water, did not begin to drip tor some tune,— in fact, 

 not till the water had percolated through the column 

 of soil. He had repeated the experiment in various 

 ways, and always with the sam* results. This waa 

 a small matter, but a fact, however trifling it rightly 

 explained, sometimes elucidated a great principle, 

 and in this case, by tracing the course of the tree 

 water in its passage through long and short columns 

 of soil, he had derived great instruction as to the 



