south-west as posMbb-, because u is from th 

 that blights of all dexrnptioiis appear to ..ru: 

 'I:.- ' ■ 



only sufficiently apart to allow room for the i 

 ground shoots and tubers to vegetate, it w 

 fo md noc <sary to lay the haulms of the plant 

 in a slaniii.j lS to * 



exposed tops of the haulm reach only to the centre 

 ong the double 

 advantage of room and protection." 



This experiment was carefully tried in the Garde: 

 of the Horticulture - •' 

 cess; for although, as was to be expected, th 



nrolled." 



the effect would be 

 this time of year, 



POMOLOGICAL ARCll.lnLOi; Y. 

 As it is the duty of every one possessing infon 



for the benefit of his fellows, I take advantage of tlie 

 opportunity afforded in your Journal, of making the 

 following remarks. I have headed this article " Pomo- 

 logical Archeology," because it treats of the pomology 

 of an age long prior to our own, and of which but little 



It is much to bo regretted that '•' Mayster drnsherfe, 

 somtyme Hysshop of Lyncoln," " Barnaby Googe, es- 

 quire," " Leonard.' Mascal," and those of our ancestors 

 who had the abdity and the opportunity of writing on 

 rural affairs, did not devote their attention to what was 

 immediately pas-ing around them, instead of occupying 

 their minds with translations from Cato, Columella, and 

 Varro, and promoting the absurdities contained in these 



in comparative ignorance of this part of our social 

 history. 



It has been said that the Apple was i tn.duced to this 

 country by the Normans at the time of the conquest 

 But it k just as likely, if it did not exist before, that 

 it M uvruduced by the Romans. We know that 

 the Cherry was, although Mr. Loudon states differently ; 

 forPliny,ii 1 Lib.xv. ) cAp.2.-).say 3 ,«'Cerasiantevictoriam 

 Mithraditicam L. Luculli non fuere in Italia. Ad urbis 

 annum DCLXXX. is primura vixit e Ponto: annisque 

 CXX. trans Oceanum in Britanniam usque pervenere." 

 Seeing, then, that they introduced the Cherry and the 

 Vine, it is quite probable that they introduced the Apple 

 also; for according to the same author, Apples were 

 held in such estimation among them as not only to pro- 

 cure renown to those who propagated them, but also to 



trees realised more to the owners than was formerly 

 obtained from farming. 



If, then, the Apple was so valued by the Romans, we 

 have every reason to believe that this warlike people, 

 who carried their luxuries wherever they extended 

 then; conquests, were just as likely to introduce it to 

 our island as they did the Cherry and the Vine. Indeed 

 we are informed by Tacitus that all fruit trees suc- 

 ceeded in Britain except the Vine, the Olive, and such 



?bove^me A n£e£d not exit in^Bri^bSore^Se 



wu- oldest Apples, whose names eithe 

 tug at all, or have become so dialer 

 ;race of the original form. 

 Jmeatingi.—Thwe, of which the \ 



GARDENERS' CHRONICLE^ 



lest varieties. The form* in j English Pearmaii 

 ritten by the old authors are I ness of its flesh, 

 till towards the close of the ( period the i 



ly Apples were called Joai 

 Joannet; thus we have among the old French 

 Amire - Joannet, the Admired or Wonderful Little 

 John, which Merlet informs us 



transformation, gives us Jennetting. 



./|-.,-.v._Tl 





glish Apples, and of which I believe the Wintei 

 main is the type. In this I suspect I differ from the 



y's Catalogue of Fruits, wh< 

 " Old Pearmain " is made synonymous with the 

 fordshire or Royal Pearmain ; but still I am of < 

 that the Winter Pearmain is the original. It is 



man's Fruitfull Orchard," and by Ralph Austen. 

 I find no notice of the Royal Pearmain till the i 

 Rea (1665), of which he says, « It is much bigg 



the origin and signification o 



1 both in « The 



Coles's" Ada 



The lastsyllab 



observed Charh 



Charlemagne is Carolus Magnus gallicised, sc 

 Pyrus magnus, gallicised, gave Poire magne (the large 

 Pear), which, slightly transformed, is Peare-maine or 

 Pearmain. The name of the Pearmain is therefore in 



- derived from the French 

 Pepin, signifying a kernel or the seed of Apples, Pears, 

 and Quinces. I am not prepared to say what variety 

 is the type of this class, if, indeed, there is any one 

 more than another, for I find the term applied by the 

 early authors not only to the seed, but to seedling Apples 

 generally. Thus we find Leonard Mascal, in 1572, in- 

 structing « Howe to dung your wylde trees come of 

 Pepynes," and "when so ever ye do replante or change 

 your Pepin trees from place to place, in so remouing 

 often the stocks, the frute therof shal also change, 

 but the frute which doth come of grafting doth alwayes 

 kepe the forme and nature of the tree whereof he is 

 taken : for as I have sayde, as often as the Pepin trees 

 be removed to a better grounde the frute thereof be so 



is thTr^aT™ 686 ' ° f WhICh thC Wmter Queenin 8 

 vated in our orchards Tnd S g arderl ^ik^ tS men! 





■ a ™ a oth f r 80rt9 ° f Openings do," regard- 

 s Calville also as a Queening because nf th* 

 angularity of its shape. 



It will be observed that the names of the fruits 

 not foHe^that 1 thefts *?* ** ^'^^ • "* U d ° eS 

 from the Continent. Te havTno^e^ turn 'ofany *nf 



calls tf« La Drue Permein d'Angleterre," the dense 



period the spoken language of the higher 7i.l!* * V 

 country, we need not wonder at our rt?* cC *» 

 receiving French appellations ; they rathe, 2a!?* 

 in the belief that they existed in the count^i*** 



netieve me varieties i nave Here noticed go f ' 

 being of foreign origin, are the original 'and* ?■ 

 representatives of our early English pomology J?* 

 Hogg, 4, Thurloe-square, Brompton. ^" **" 



ON THE CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO tup 

 MOST PERFECT CULTIVATION.-^, rv 

 There is an old axiom, to which custom hu • 

 a liberal application, that would teach us tK? 

 methods only are available in performing an aZi! 

 viz., a right and a wrong. But this, like nES 

 antiquated maxims to which we cling (at least iiC? 

 with wonderful pertinacity, will be found in «2fo' 

 be very limited in its practical applications. IuJ^ 

 collect the current maxims which society Btill W« » 

 cherish and to profess in theory, and to show hoi 

 glaringly that same society numberless times a m 



up as models of imitation. And perhaps it is wise tiat 

 it does so. It may be one of those progressive urn 



here, by way of progressing in a systematic method, be 

 advisable to say something of artificial heat. 5» 

 matter to what purpose a plant house may be appr-- 



raising the temperature must be available. Unlea it 

 structures appropriated to Heaths, Geraniums, a 

 thousands of other plants, to which, if 



plication of ir 



might be dispensed wit 



an efficient (and that v, 



mts, to which, 



.'■,;■; 



w planThad'bf 



in? l£v™ZTe of theV* 

 them were Inga pulebari* 

 Columnea splendens, Fmdw 

 isignis, Burchellia capenffl,ti* 



but when I say that during to 

 atom of firing has been twd« 



they only want the ordinary routine of attention 

 i.e the majority of them agreeable specimens, 

 'or plant-houses in which artificial heat » 4 

 essary on very limited occasions, it is a great M 

 rect expensive heating apparatus ; the simp est»» 

 i is a good flue for Buch a purpose. va™«* 



en on true principles. I have often seen* 

 rovoking mistakes in connection with uesw* 

 ers, involving a great expense in pritaj*- 

 building, arising simply from the 'g n °"TV 

 ison. In erecting such apparatus, e»WJ 

 fficient workmen if you cannot «pen»"» 

 >olmaise-poor belaboured, belauded, pujjj 

 Polmaise— nothing can be more faultless than » *^ 

 but an over-due zeal on the one part, and an ig 

 prejudice on the other, and perhaps "auW'rLj, 

 third, has eo mystified its true principles, and e«^ 

 as it were, a barrier about it, that men are , ej» 

 forego its advantages rather than wade i uw * ^ 

 accumnl^H m» Sa th*t would disclose to theB, U« 



When this shall have < 





o be no proof of su; 



of any operation to 



ean^orexpensiv^^ 



i;»we^£%2 



admirable in it. way, but only appg W| 

 mically speaking, in particular cases. j,^ 



may be right, a™d rfJ 



upon his parti« 



system he should adopt. Th 



ing out must determine the 



:dge of all «"""",. the * 



