agricultura: 



Stents large quantities c 

 JSed, leavin ' 

 JSTfields.exl 





...... 



.pkH, of cleaning the land, and of shallow ploughi _ 

 One acre 12 inches deep contains as much feeding 

 ,— ^'aud almost as much plant-food, as two aci 

 jjnebes deep, and jet how rarely is the plough ma 

 to penetrate more than G or 7 inches. If you inqui 

 feieason vou will be told that the soil is only so ma 

 inches deep, that underneath there is nothing hut cha 



remark that the cultivated soil is only chalk, or grav 

 tf e!»y, more or less changed by frost and sun and ra: 



W exposure to atmospheric influences the crude u 

 Mill earths had become oxidised and partially decoi 



ligation with the liberated alkalies, and with i 

 gomonia which every fall of rain and snow broug 

 fo M , and that in a short time the under soil, if e 

 posed to these influences, would become as friable bj 

 mellow as the upper, and richer in the inorganic fo 



ft the lands be clayey and undrained, there ia nothing 



draining, or has no lease, and the landowner w 

 drain, he had better submit to a present sacrific< 



oderatands his tenant's interest and his own. Excepting 

 ehiik soils, there is little land where in our moist 

 climate under-drainage is not essential to perfect cul- 

 tmtion, and on clay lands it must precede deep plough- 

 ing. The cost of deep and effec 

 average perhaps 3/. an acre, and under " the Private 



excuse for refusing the outlay. If not the owner of 

 inheritance he may borrow under the Act, and an 



harrow at 4 or 5 per cent. ; and as lands sell for 30 

 jears' purchase on the net rental, each 100/. expended 

 on the farm, if the tenant paid 7 per cent, additional 

 rent, would add 200/. to the sale value. 



Under-drainage is not sufficiently appreciated, from 

 in impression that if water quickly flow off the surface 

 a a not required, and that its value mainly consists in 

 letting on the land later in autumn and earlier in spring. 

 It is no slight advantage to be able to gain a few weeks 

 ia tilling and seeding, and to be rarely debarred by wet 

 from horse-hoeing and rolling ; and the reductions in the 

 cost of cultivation hence occasioned would abundantly 

 compensate the extra rent. But it is perhaps as the 



fore more complete i 



■ ■'■'■;■•.■■'■ 



evaporation is 



i powerful producer of cold, and that if 

 a which falls has to pass off by evapora- 

 ■>«» me sou must be proportionally chilled, and the 

 *wm rays of the sun wasted, not in raising its tem- 

 F^ature, but in turning water into vapour. During a 

 JWaderable portion of the year rain is warmer than 



*«foots of plants with the ammonia and fertilising 

 9*8 held in solution. At other periods the surface 



™>y skies, so much decried 

 i H!? ve 0n . . soilS} made P orc 



i by drainage, the 



jainst deep-ploughing. I have 

 *s say they had tried it, and 

 p would not again meddle with 



Undoubtec 



*E th? br ' D8 the Wh °- e farm int ° deep cultiva " 

 *t}t fi ^ ob J c °ct S e to expose the subsoil to the at- 

 be thT ^ e land ^tended for the fallow crop should 

 Ce a e ?A U § hed ia autumD > taki °g the P lou j? h t T ice 

 CbS ^ 0W ' aD . d so throwing to the surface 5 or 



**»S T followin S in ^e track of the other. Where 

 elaj ji " Was chalk, or coarse gravel, or indurated 

 roih r SeC0Dd plou S h sllould be preceded by a subsoil- 

 aored L C< *? 1 ? ()n plou S h with the mould- board re- 

 tfta. ' ln] , Ab ? ut January, should the weather permit, a 

 ploughing should be given, to change the surface 

 3!31 a ; dln . s P«ng the liberal use of the Crosskill 

 J*ttia ator will complete the pulverisation of the soil, 

 **iV»i.* nux the oId soil with the new, and eradicate 

 CfcS<>U8 roots. I aS8ume eve ry farmer to have a 

 ", or to be able to hire them, con- 



^on i>£ ossible t0 brin s c]a y land int0 P rofitable 



* * the f« out them - The spreading and ploughing 

 "* farm-jard manure would be as usual, and as 





: :,. i,t , 



difficulty need, I think, be apprehended. -jus roots form but a small pon 



■ ■• 



Herewith I take the liberty of 



the country, which is i 

 rect, a profit may still 1 





iplest and most generally applicable, j ( sent jl 

 mode of reducing the cloddy surface of clay lands, is to I and dr 

 lay mounds of alternate layers of the rough materials [ wriere 

 and hot lime, and to ignite the heaps by exposure to the made ' 

 air, or by the application of water. A heap of 7 yards | r,bbed 

 : 1 1 in breadth, and 3 feet high, and quentlj 



sribed, in a work on i 

 Wm. Browne, Esq., of Tallantire Hall, 

 y attention particularly to this figure), 

 >m part was flat ; and having had one 

 the figure, it occurred to me that a 



heat exhaled from the lime will produce a sm( 

 " , that is not easily attained in t 

 large or small 





.,,JS2L?5Lw 



in East Lothian.— Your correspondent 



»et too perpefr 

 f the grinding 



ijoyed by the former may tend to solve the eniga 

 Inpayment of rent half in grain ; 2, payment of wag 

 chiefly in grain and Potatoes (equivalent to 10*. 

 week) ; 3, a rich soil, mostly drained ;• 4, an excelle 

 set of farm workers, men and women, hired by tl 

 half- year, and generally staying much longer ; 5, 



The high 



. TU xv^ little. The'ultimate produc 

 of finely reduced and pulverised sub- 

 w ue blended and incorporated with the soil, 

 on which acquisition so very much of the fertility of the 

 earth depends. J. D., Nov. 6. 



d in your Paper of the 2/tn Uctober, 

 a the antiquity of it may see, on my farm, 

 the second implement of th. 

 in Cumberland, or perhaps in England, the first being 



amount of capital (It 



/. per acre) and « 



, 



naturally demanded of the farmer, to meet these ad- 



everv S passing 8 vStor. 



ta mentioned by 





in the neighbourlic 











- -.■:-.: .--.-.•■, 





■ t;ard wo 

 the tenant to pay rent 

 without this expeudi 



as high as these 



ss 



