ZIMMERMAN: FORMATIVE INFLUENCES 

 TABLE 5. (Concluded) 



111 



Substances 



Cell 

 elongation 



COOH 

 NHo 



2-Amino-S-chlorobenzoic acid 



Inactive 



Formative 

 effects 



Inactive 



2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid 



Inactive 



Active 



2-Chloro-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 



Inactive 



Active 



COOH 



NHo 



2-Amino-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 



Inactive 



Inactive 



that activity is dependent upon substitutions in the 2, 3, and 5 positions. None 

 of the mono-substituted benzoic acids were active. Also 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic 

 acid was more active than 3,5-diiodobenzoic acid. There are many possibilities 

 for substituting a given radical and combinations of various groups in the nu- 

 cleus of benzoic acids. Comparative activity cannot be predicted from the ap- 

 pearance of structural formulae. They must be synthesized and tested for com- 

 parative degrees of activity. That is to say, at the present time activity can be 

 determined only by actual biological tests. 



DISCUSSION 



Formative influences described under the heading of "Results" are com- 

 paratively new in the study of growth substances. The meaning of the word 

 "formative" could be extended to include local cell elongation and other short 

 time responses which do not involve modification of size, shape, or pattern of 

 organs produced by new growth. As intended in this paper, "formative" in- 

 volves the growth of new organs immediately following the application of the 

 active substance. The result is a systemic effect rather than local. It could be 

 compared to the effect of a systemic virus disease in contrast to a local fungus 

 disease. In fact the responses induced by some of the active compounds have 

 been mistaken for virus diseases. As the character of the responses varies with 



