REED: PHYTOPATHOLOGY 167 



suitable spraying and dusting machinery, and elaborate schedules for applica- 

 tions for the control of various diseases and insect pests have been worked out. 



Great advance has been made along the line of seed treatments. Formal- 

 dehyde was first successfully used by Bolley (1897) for the control of oat smut, 

 and Haskell (1917) devised the spray method, thus solving the problem of the 

 wet grain. Copper carbonate dust was introduced for the control of bunt of 

 wheat by Darnell and Smith (1915) in Australia and Mackie and Briggs use:d 

 this material successfully in the United States in 1920. Riehm (1913) dis- 

 covered the value of organic mercury compounds, as chlorphenol mercury, in 

 the control of smut diseases. Important advances in the use of the organic 

 mercurials have. been made, utilizing such substances as uspulun, germisan, 

 chlorophal, and semesan. 



The application of heat has proved successful in the case of some diseases. 

 Jensen (1882) partially controlled the potato blight by heating the tubers. In 

 1888 he applied the hot water method to the seed of oats and barley for the 

 prevention of smut. The hot water method was improved by Appel and Riehm 

 (1911) and by the pathologists in the United States Department of Agricul- 

 ture since 1920. Kunkel ( 1936) found that heat treatment is effective in the 

 control of peach yellows, diseased plants recovering after being held for some 

 time at 35° C. The yellows of periwinkle disappeared if infected plants were 

 held 38°-42° C. for two weeks (1941). 



8. Research and teaching. With rare exceptions, previous to 1867 

 botany was not recognized as an important subject for research or instruction 

 in colleges and universities. Little attention was paid to pathology, most of the 

 work being done in Europe. Since 1867, however, research and teaching have 

 greatly expanded, not only in Europe but also in the United States. Thomas 

 Taylor was appointed microscopist in 1871 in the Department of Agriculture 

 and in his first report published an illustrated article on the diseases of grape, 

 pear, and peach trees and lilacs. In 1886 a Section of Vegetable Pathology with 

 Frank Lamson-Scribner as Chief was organized in the Division of Botany, and 

 the first bulletin was on the fungous diseases of the grape vine. E. F. Smith, 

 an assistant in the Division, started his investigations on peach yellows, the first 

 bulletin on this disease appearing in 1891. Farlow (1874) began his investiga- 

 tions and teachings along pathological lines. Burrill (1878) began his studies 

 on pear blight. 



In 1888 B. T. Galloway was appointed Chief of the Division of Vegetable 

 Physiology and Pathology, heading the Bureau of Plant Industry when it was 

 established in 1901. Further reorganization of the botanical and pathological 

 work of the Department has taken place, but diseases of plants continue to oc- 

 cupy the time of many investigators. The importance of pathology is empha- 

 sized by the organization of the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Division 



