76 



dance in one place, while scanty or entirely absent in another 

 locality, (i) They prefer very moist conditions, and in those 

 conditions are almost invariably found upon trees, deadwood, 

 rails, or mossy earth. (2) They naturally resist dry conditions, 

 but if forced to adapt themselves to such environments are 

 almost invariably found on rocks or less frequently upon sterile 

 earth. 



It is thus easy to conclude why Staten Island is so scanty in 

 forms. It is high and dry, and affords exceedingly few streams. 

 If swampy ground occurs, in most cases it is open to the effects of 

 the tides, which being saline, preclude any lichen growth. Long 

 Island produces a fairly good growth, but almost exclusively 

 along its northern shore. This can be explained on the ground 

 that (i) its swamps are, in the majority of cases, covered with 

 fresh water, (2) and the shore is rocky. (3) It is comparatively 

 low. The southern shore, until the extreme eastern end of the 

 island is reached, is devoid of varied forms because (i) it is too 

 low; (2) it is sandy; and (3) its swamps are lagoons having 

 connection with the tides. 



The Bronx and Westchester county are high, dry and rocky. 

 Forests are comparatively at a premium. Crustaceous forms are 

 the natural result and observation shows that they are practically 

 the only forms found there. New Jersey, next to the Highland 

 region, shows, perhaps, the most varied flora found within the 

 100 mile limit. Here are found many altitudes and as regards 

 habitat, — pine barrens, rock deserts, cliffs, swamps and streams. 

 Its forms, then, are many and varied, including the crustaceous, 

 fruticose, and foliaceous. 



At least one half of the whole number of species enumerated 

 in this list are found at or near Closter, N. J., a village situated 

 about three and one half miles west of the Palisades and the city 

 of Yonkers, N. Y. This village is literally surrounded with 

 swamps, which are veritable jungles. Here the foliaceous and 

 fruticose forms thrive. A gradual rise toward the Hudson river 

 produces varied crustose forms, while the base of the Palisades 

 affords many foliaceous as well as crustose forms. Southern New 

 Jersey produces a lichen flora comparable to that of Long Island 

 as regards its lack of wide range of species. 



