'251 



where most of the pulp mills are located, is not equal to the 

 demand." 



The statement is made that only a "slightly greater amount of 

 domestic spruce was used than in 1906. Large quantities of 

 hemlock were used by the Wisconsin pulp mills, and the report 

 shows that the Beaver State now ranks third in pulp production, 

 New York and Maine ranking first and second, respectively. 

 Poplar has been used for a long time in the manufacture of high- 

 grade paper, but the supply of this wood is limited and the con- 

 sumption of it has not increased rapidly. Wood pulp is usually 

 made by either one of two general processes, mechanical or 

 chemical. In the mechanical process the wood, after being cut 

 into suitable sizes and barked, is held against revolving grind- 

 stones in a stream of water and thus reduced to pulp. In the 

 chemical process the barked wood is reduced to chips and 

 cooked in large digesters with chemicals which destroy the 

 cementing material of the fibers and leave practically pure cellu- 

 lose. This is then washed and screened to render it suitable for 

 paper making. The chemicals ordinarily used are either bisul- 

 phite of lime or caustic soda. A little over half of the pulp man- 

 ufactured last year was made by the sulphite process, and about 

 one third by the mechanical process, the remainder being pro- 

 duced by the soda process. Much of the mechanical pulp, or 

 ground wood, as it is commonly called, is used in the making of 

 newspaper. It is never used alone in making white paper, but 

 always mixed with some sulphite fiber to give the paper strength. 

 A cord of wood ordinarily yields about one ton of mechanical 

 pulp or about one half ton of chemical pulp." 



NEWS ITEMS 



Dr. Raymond H. Pond has been appointed biologist of the 

 Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York. 



The death of Dr. Hermann Settegast, aged ninety years, pro- 

 fessor of agriculture at Berlin, has recently been announced. 



Miss Margaret A. Kingsley, a graduate of Smith College, 

 1908, has been appointed assistant in botany at Barnard College, 

 Columbia University. 



