GILPIN ON THE STONE AGE OF NOVA SCOTIA. 223 



to the non-bread-eatiiig man. We find him a man without a 

 house, or key to his front door, — no dweller in cities, save when 

 danger sent him within a stockade of living trees thickened by 

 interwoven branches, — observant of the marriage tie, but with no 

 strong sense of chastity, or feeling of jealousy. Of religion in its 

 modern acceptance he had none ; some indefinite belief in a future, 

 acting in no way on the present, and a few medicine men, and 

 soothsayers, was his creed, and his church. 



In cooking he had arrived to the point of boiling, making pots 

 of pine and birch bark, hooping them about to enable them to hold 

 water. The water was heated sometimes by throwing in hot stones, 

 at other times by kindling fire beneath : no doubt the bark saturated 

 by boiling vapour resisted the fire. He also used coarse clay pots. 

 As regards his other fare one who has had the good fortune to 

 camp with them in the forest, would see the same process going on 

 before him as their tribes used two hundred years ago. Fish im- 

 paled on forked sticks and stuck in the ground about the camp fire ; 

 the entire entrails of a porcupine festooned on forked sticks, and 

 roasted till they cracked asunder ; whilst the marrow bones of a 

 moose were cracked as perfectly, and the marrow roasted as nicely 

 as ever prehistoric Dane did it in the mythic times of kitchen- 

 midden. 



In Newfoundland they boiled eggs to hardness, pounded them 

 to flour and preserved for winter, certainly a hint for modern 

 science in preserving concentrated food. He had not risen to the 

 art of making alcohol, one of the most universal, as well as the 

 first acquired arts of man ; nor to letters. He was courageous, 

 liberal in giving, and kind and happy in his domestic relations. 

 *' There be some families," saith LesCarbot, '* that had they not 

 been Pagans, the Lord would have entered in, and dwelt among 

 them." 



For the form and feature of our prehistoric man we must draw 

 upon his present descendant living now, almost under the same cir- 

 cumstances as his ancestors. The skull small, but well developed 

 in the frontal regions, — the eye small, slightly oblique, hidden by 

 the brow above, and the high cheek bone below, — the whole frame 

 slighter than the Saxon, with shoulders that would slope (and do 



