366 LAWSON ON CANADIAN SPECIES OF KUBI. 



Dominion, tracing their range on both sides of the Continent, and 

 also in Asia and Europe, and pointing out the structural modifi- 

 cations which they presented. He regarded R. occidentalis, II. 

 intermedins, R. Idseus, with Leesii and its other European forms, 

 and R. strigosus, as well as all their sub-species or subordinate forms, 

 as forms of one specific type, distinct form, and not necessarily related 

 in origin, but only in some points of structure, to the other mem- 

 bers of Areschoug's North American type. 



Details were given to show that R. villosus was probably a 

 Southern species, whilst Canadensis was more Northern. R. tri- 

 ilorus is more intimately related to the European saxatilis than is 

 generally believed by botanists. R flaccidus appears, from its 

 observed constancy in Nova Scotia, to be entitled to rank as a 

 sub-species of R. hispidus, which seems to have been originally a 

 mountain species, rather than an arctic one. 



R. Chamsemorus, although an Arctic plant, and, in Europe, 

 confined to the mountains of the North, abounds at the sea level 

 in Nova Scotia, producing the berries sold in the Markets under 

 the name of " Bake Apple." It was stated that the present range 

 of many so called Arctic plants in Europe could not be regarded as 

 coincident with their primeval range. A long period of civilization 

 had driven out many swamp plants, which now only exist in the 

 sheltered recesses of the Northern Mountains, just as, year by year, 

 on the American Continent, the same or similar species are slowly 

 meeting with the same fate ; — these are the outpost remnants that 

 speak of a wider and more Southern distribution in former times. 



The effects of forest fires, of animal agencies, of railways, of 

 lumbering, mining and agricultural operations, in extending the 

 distribution of some of Rubi, and circumscribing that of others, 

 were also referred to. 



Specimens of the Canadian species were shown and described, 

 also specimens from various parts of Europe and Asia for com- 

 parison, showing the gradations from the thickly felted species of 

 tropical India to the delicate membranous leaves of those growing 

 in the Arctic regions and on the Scandinavian Mountains. 



