The subsequent life of the fetus depends on the start of 

 blood circulation. 



Later, Hulst discussed at length the anatomy of the heart 

 and vessels, especially the structure and activity of the 

 blood system of the human fetus. He returned to the 

 participation of blood movement in the system's formation in 

 one of the concluding paragraphs of his dissertation. "Thus," 

 Hulst wrote, 



when contemplating the origin of our life it is 

 not difficult to understand that at the time of 

 conception, when the semen of the father is shared 

 with the mother, mechanical structures pre-exist. 

 As a result of the movement of the fluid, the 

 pumping heart later on becomes visible. Due to its 

 beating and distribution of moisture, which provides 

 nutrition, the vessels expand and grow. The fetus 

 increases by insensible increments , and all that 

 was fluid and hardly visible shortly before becomes 

 compact and is easily observed, (p. 25) 



From these extracts, it is clear that Hulst on the one 

 hand voted for the preformation of the fetus in a spermatozoid, 

 while on the other hand he considered that the formation of 

 the fetus is accomplished by the new formation of these 

 important parts, including the heart, blood vessels, and 

 blood. Thus, the theoretical opinions of the young Moscow 

 doctor of medicine did not move beyond the traditional 

 opinions of the beginning of the eighteenth century, 

 although he did avoid the incorrect extreme of preformation. 



The journeys abroad of Russian young people in the 

 eighteenth century were either for preparation of specialists 

 and practical workers, or for replenishment of national 

 science personnel for two principal scientific centers — the 

 Academy of Science in Petersburg and Moscow University. In 

 its first ten years, Moscow University followed Lomonosov's 

 plan and filled all its vacancies with Russian professors.-^ 



12. n. A. Penchko, OSNAVANIE MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA 

 (The foundation of Moscow University), Moscow, 1953, 

 190 pp. 



28 



