externally subject to sensation, i.e. the nonessential, 

 while the ideal is not subject to experiment. 



The external aspect of nature is the region of 

 empirics, consequently the field of intellect; 

 the internal is the aspect of speculation and the 

 field of thought. Those following the first find 

 only a reflection, which is a print of the ideal. 

 Those following the second try to contemplate the 

 idea which is reflective by itself, (p. 29) 



And: "Empirics from the surroundings (i.e. from external 

 manifestations — L. B.) strive to the center (i.e. to the 

 main point — L. B.) at random, and speculation from the center 

 goes out to the exterior — most likely" (p. 30). 



It seems that from these idealistic judgments there must 

 be an inevitable conclusion that only speculation can give 

 true knowledge. However, Pavlov showed caution in his 

 conclusions. At the end of the article he wrote the following: 

 "However, speculation with all its advantages is insufficient. 

 Each phenomenon (and nature — their combination) is a union of 

 contradictions (synthesis oppositorum) , a combination of the 

 ideal with the material. Hence, individually, speculative 

 knowledge and empirical knowledge are incomplete." 



Still more defined in this respect are Pavlov's 

 considerations stated in his article in ATENEI.43 This 

 work is simplified in the form of a conversation between the 

 "wisdom -lover" Polist and his supporter Kenofon on one side, 

 and Menon on the other. C48) The latter, who is expressing 

 Pavlov's own point of view, demands a reasonable combination 

 of speculation and empiricism. He argues: "In order to know 

 philosophy, it is necessary first to know science; philosophy 

 judges the possibility of what science considers to be 

 present. Is it possible to make judgments about what we do 

 not know?" 



43. M. Pavlov, "On the Reciprocal Relation of Speculative 

 and Experimental Knowledge , " ATENE I , Part 1 , No . 1 

 C1828), pp. 3 - 15; No. 2 (1828), pp. 1 - 19. 



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