A large part of psychological terminology is based on 

 the use of spatial, generally sensory perceptions. "We 

 speak about deep or superficial ideas, about difficult and 

 easy problems, about obscure and clear ideas, about strong, 

 weak, hard-hearted and gentle characters, and so on. 2 ^ If 

 in the language a word appears to designate a psychological 

 condition, then, of course, it concerns man. This, in 

 particular, relates to the word ZWECK. 2 ^ For the achieve- 

 ment of purpose by man it is necessary and advisable for 

 him to select his means. There are people who devise 

 excellent aims for themselves, but do not achieve them, 

 because they use inadvisable means. On the contrary, in 

 relation to many phenomena of nature, even if they end with 

 a definite result, it is impossible to claim that they 

 result from an aim determined by an intelligent being. 

 According to Baer, the result of separate processes can be 

 designated by the word ZIEL, which does not assume the 

 involvement of judicious consciousness. ZIEL is the end 

 of motion; its achievement is completely based upon neces- 

 sity. "Sending the arrow or bullet into the target (ZIEL) 

 I use mechanical powers in the necessary proportions and I 

 orient them in a definite direction. The purpose which I 

 am pursuing in this case I can hold in front of me and, if 

 all is correctly calculated, an arrow must of necessity fly 



27. Ibid . , p. 74. 



28. The Russian translation of the words ZWECK, ZIEL, 

 and their derivatives are connected by known conven- 

 tion. Hereafter, ZWECK, ZWECKMASSIC, and 

 ZWECMASSIGKEITwi.il be designated by the words 

 "purpose," "expedient," and "expediency." For the 

 designation of the concept ZIEL, after many attempts 

 to select a more successful word, we settled on 

 "final end," using in many cases the words "trend," 

 "end," "target" (followed throughout by ZIEL in 

 brackets) ; ZIELSTREBIG is translated as "definitely 

 directed," "going or acting in a definite direction"; 

 ZIELSTREBIGKEIT is translated as "direction," 

 "definite direction." 



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