chisel as much as by necessity for it's trans- 

 formation into a human figure. However, when 

 the production of art is present before us, 

 we must recognize that all the necessities 

 used served only for realizing the idea of 

 the artist, and his purpose (ZWECK) .40 



Baer thought that the process of formation must not be 

 credited to the effect of powers, but that the powers must 

 be measured in accordance with the final end (ZIEL) , or 

 they will not build anything and can only destroy. 



In another instance, Baer noted that naturalists who 

 dread purpose or direction have a confusion of ideas. The 

 naturalist must put the question to nature: "how?" or 

 "what?" Then, "due to what?" And finally "why, or what 

 for?" For the answer to the questions how and what, he 

 investigates the acting conditions and finds the necessities 

 which he calls laws of nature. If the effect of necessity 

 is not definitely directed (ZIELSTREBEND) , then the vital 

 process cannot be realized. The question why or for what 

 is related to the study of this trend (ZIELSTREBIGKEIT) . 

 This question, in Baer's opinion, is absolutely lawful for 

 the complete understanding of the phenomenon. It produces 

 misgivings because in past centuries, when men believed in 

 the omnipotent nature of God, above natural law, they 

 answered the question why with reference to the direction 

 of the process, and imagined it not as being realized by 

 means of necessity, but as a human purpose, reached by 

 conscious will. The investigation of animal embryology is 

 considered that branch of nature study where the direction 

 of processes stands out especially clearly, because the 

 organic, body is regarded in its formation. The processes 

 of formation are definitely directed (Z IELSTREBIG) , 

 they arise from their result; they, of course, are con- 

 ditioned by necessity. In Baer's opinion, however, it 

 would have been scientific superstition to consider that 

 one could speak about the necessity of the progressing 

 phenomena without turning attention to their direction 



40. Ibid., p. 69. 



506 



