and vessels of placenta, do not exist; Vasa hypogastrica 

 which is full, by all means of a waxen mass or any other 

 fluid, does not pass its contents to the umbilical vessels. 

 This was established either in human carcass, or in living 

 cows, ewes, bitches and other animals. If the pregnant 

 animal is fed on roots of Rabiae tinctorum, then the fetus 

 bones will not be stained with the red color. The blood 

 of the fetus differs from the mother's blood in that it is 

 more liquid. Finally, the fetus pulse also differs from 

 the mother's rate. 



Subsequently, the fetus lives its independent life, 

 moving its own blood by its forces, beating of its heart, 

 by blood circulation and through placenta, without the 

 help of the maternal blood. Therefore, rest, movement, 

 sleeping, awakening and even life and death of the mother 

 and fetus are not obligatory present in harmony. Later on, 

 Rederer categorically denied the existence of a nervous 

 connection between the placenta and the mother. The 

 comparison of the positions of the birth marks as well as 

 their presence or absence in the mother and baby does not 

 give, according to his opinion, basis to suggest the 

 influence through blood or nervous system. Rederer dis- 

 cussed in detail the question about "mind" of the fetus 

 and passed to the conclusion, that this mind cannot 

 adequately respond to the feeling of the mother. This is 

 stated by the examples of strong shocks in the mother, not 

 accompanied by the appearance of birth marks in the baby, 

 and examples of appearance of birth marks and warts without 

 any connection with the mother's feeling. In the following 

 pages the various deformities of human beings are mentioned, 

 and Rederer reached the conclusion that the birth marks 

 differ from true deformities only quantitatively. They are 

 also disturbances of the normal development. As the 

 deformities frequently affect the internal organs, then in 

 relation to them, the usual supposition about maternal 

 influence loses its significance. The general conclusion 

 of Rederer comes to that the confirmations about the 

 influence of the mother's feeling on the baby are not 

 supported by verified facts, and are but the product of 

 fantasy (105) . 



(27) The effect of vitalistic views of Blumenbackh on 

 some Russian physicians-biologists can be traced up till the 

 20 's of the 19th century. Thus, in 1825 at Moscow 



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