only the narrowness of the shell was the cause that the twin 

 chickens, which were pressed to each other, united by the 

 backs, similar to the united apples, which, beginning from 

 the moment of flowering, closely adjoined each other". 



Both mentioned articles of Ozeretskovskii witness that 

 the Russian academician considered the deformity a result of 

 the caused changes of normal development by external influ- 

 ences, i.e. explained their appearance epigenetically (134). 



(39) K. Fr. Kielmeyer (1765-1844), is a famous German 

 naturalist, held in great respect by the contemporaries 

 although he hardly left published works. The most famous 

 work of Kielmeyer was his speech "About the relation of 

 organic powers between each other" (1793) . Kielmeyer 

 particularly suggested the idea of powers, inherent within 

 the living beings — irritability, sensibility and reproduc- 

 tion. Their combination in the form of ascending and 

 descending rows corresponds to the stage of the individual 

 development as well as the stage of development of all the 

 organic world, in which, according to Kielmeyer, "the plan 

 of nature" is found. By comparison of the stages of develop- 

 ment with these rows, in which adult forms may exist, 

 Kielmeyer made a conclusion, stated by him in a conversation 

 with Gete (1797), that the higher organisms pass many stages 

 in the process of embryonic development, in which they become 

 lower. Shelling attached a very great importance to the 

 ideas of Kielmeyer considering, that they usher in a new 

 epoch in science. In fact, he found later on that before 

 Kielmeyer a similar idea was stated by I. G. Gerder (1744- 

 1863), who was a publicist, poet and philosopher. The works 

 of Gerder, in particular, had a relation to the question 

 discussed — "The ideas of the philosophy of the humanity 

 history", were highly evaluated by Gete. They were popular 

 in Russia as well and had a known effect on Karamzin, 

 Shevryev and Maksimovich (143) . 



(40) Prince A. P. Baryatinskii a personality of the 

 Southern Secret Society and active propagandist became, 

 towards the end of 1825, the chief of Kilchinskaya board 



(in Tul'chin the staff of the 2nd army was present, in which 

 Pestel and some other members of Southern Secret Society 

 served) (148) . 



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