In fact, in the recent Russian literatures, the under- 

 standing of "embryon" and "embryo" is a synonym, and mostly 

 reveals the tendency to use Russian and not Greek words. 

 (Russian physiologist of the 18th century N. M. Maksimovich- 

 Ambodik in his "Dictionary" (see Chapter 10) was one of the 

 early scientists who apparently changed the word "embryon" 

 to the Russian words "Zarod", "Zarodok", "Zarodish (embryo)") . 

 In accordance with this, the German term "Keim" (Greek is 

 blastos) is more suitable to be translated into the word 

 "Rudiment", as this, for example, was made by L. F. Zmeev, 

 who translated Ratke's book (History of vertebrates, with 

 the preface of K. A. Kolliker, translated from German lan- 

 guage by L. Zmeev, number 1. Stavropol, Izd. Gub. Pravleniya, 

 1866, pp. 1-45) (310) . 



(93) Establishing that the long axis of the embryo is 

 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the egg and the 

 left side of the embryo is directed to the blunt end of the 

 egg, Baer stated an evoked assumption by the natural- 

 philosophical principles, that this position depends on 

 polarity of the egg. The latter, according to his opinion, 

 arises in the maternal organism and is expressed by the 

 movements of substances from a blunt pole to a sharp one 

 probably under the influence of electromagnetic powers (311) . 



(94) One year before the publication of the first 

 volume of "History of animal development", Baer published a 

 special article, dedicated to the development of branchiate 

 slits, arch and blood vessels in the embryo of vertebrates, 

 in which he showed, that the branchiate slits discovered by 

 Ratke in the birds' embryo, were also present in other verte- 

 brates (K. E. V. Baer. Uber die Kiemen und Kiemengefasse in 

 den Embryomen der Wirbelthiere. Arch. Anat., Physiol., 1827, 

 S. 556-568) . 



Later on the article of Baer appeared also in French in 

 the form of one whole report (Des branchies et des vaisseaux 

 branchiaux dans les embryons des animaux vertebres. Ann. Sc. 

 nat., 15, 1828, pp. 266-284; Ann. Sc. d'observ., 2, 1828, 

 pp. 116-123) (323) . 



(95) At first the term "scholni" meant the notes on the 

 fields of the manuscript texts of the antique writers. It does 

 not, however, constitute systematized commentaries. In the 



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