606 Mr. H. T. Stainton on 



served that whereas Lithocolletls conspicuously blotches and curves 

 the leaf, the mine of a Phyllocnistis is only very slightly discoloured ; 

 that of A saligna simply shows a whitish appearance on the under 

 side of willow leaves, and that of P. svffusella is even more incon- 

 spicuous, the glistening appearance which it causes on the upper 

 side of poplar leaves being extremely similar to what we see on 

 leaves over which a snail has crawled. The mines of NepiiculcB 

 vary much in form from elongate slender galleries to spiral and 

 contorted mines forming blotches, and even to more complete 

 blotches, as in the mine on sloe leaves of A'^. plagicolella. The mine 

 of a Bucculatrix is not distinguishable in form from the mine of a 

 Nepticula, but if the larva is in it we can, on holding it to the light, 

 distinguish the six anterior legs, thus clearly showing that it is no 

 Nepticula larva ; and if the larva has left it, the very small size of 

 the mine, scarcely half the size of that of the smallest known Nepti- 

 cula mine, enables us at once to recognize it. The mine of Lyonelia 

 Clerckella might also pass for that of a Nepticula, but if the larva 

 has left it, the long space between the last grain of excrement and 

 the place of exit from the mine shows sufficiently clearly that the 

 larva which had inhabited it was longer than any \inov/n Nepticula 

 larva ; and if the larva be still in the mine, its anterior legs, readily 

 seen when the leaf is held to the light, would at once satisfy us 

 that here we have no larva of Nepticula. In the mines of the 

 genus Cemiostoma, though the character of each species is very 

 evident, it is much less easy to establish any character by which 

 the genus may be easily recognized ; the mine of Cemiostoma 

 Wailesella is so completely Nepticuliform that it is only recognized 

 as belonging to another genus by those who are already acquainted 

 with it ; the larva of Cemiostoma Spartifoliella has the peculiarity 

 of mining under the bark of the stem of the broom, but the other 

 larvae of the genus form blotches in which there is generally a dark 

 central portion ; one Nepticula, however, makes a very similar 

 mine (iV. argentipedella in birch leaves). 



In the second group I place the genera Elachista, Tischeria, 

 Ornix, Gracilaria and Laverna ; in one only of these genera is the 

 larva restricted to its original mine, and in that genus [^Tischeria) 

 the change to the pupa state also takes place within the mine. 

 The mine of a Tischeria is generally flat, but sometimes it slightly 

 curves the leaf, as in the mine of T. angusticollella on rose leaves, 

 and that of T. Gaunacella on sloe leaves ; they all mine the upper 

 surface of the leaf, and the curve of the leaf is much less than the 

 curve given to the leaves which are mined by larvae of the genus 



