Mining Micro- Lepidopterous Larvis. 607 



Lithocollelis which are upperside feeders, such as L. Coryli on 

 hazel, and L. Corylifollella on hawthorn and apple. The larvse 

 of the genus ElacMsta always remain miners, but can move from 

 one leaf to another ; they are exclusively confined to the Gra- 

 minece, Cyperaccce, and to one genus of the Juncacece {Luzula) ; 

 as a rule, the larvae come out of the mine to undergo their change 

 to the pupa state, and the pupa is generally somewhat angular, 

 fastened with a silken girth round the middle ; the larva of one 

 species, E. quadrella, assumes the pupa state within the mine. 

 In the genera Ornix and Gracilaria the larvse all appear to be 

 miners when young ; several of the smaller species of Gracilaria 

 remain miners till quite full fed, and it is even doubtful whether 

 the larvae of G. imperialella and G. omissella are not restricted 

 to their original mine ; but no Ornix larva remains a miner till 

 full fed. When an Ornix larva quits its mine, it simply folds 

 down a piece of the edge of the leaf, but a Gracilaria larva twists 

 the edge of the leaf over in such a way as to form a cone, a pro- 

 ceeding which we only find in one species of Ornix (that on the 

 hawthorn, 0. Anglicella). The cocoon of an Ornix is rather flat, 

 and of an ochreous colour, and is placed under a corner of the 

 leaf tightly folded down ; the cocoon of a Gracilaria is generally 

 glassy white, and placed on the midrib of a leaf; the smaller spe- 

 cies form more silky cocoons, which are generally well concealed. 

 In the genus Ldverna we meet with very considerable variety of 

 habit amongst the larvae, but still the greater part of them are 

 miners, and remain miners always, though freely able to move 

 from one leaf to another ; a considerable number of the larvse of 

 Laverna are attached to the single genus Epilubium, yet others 

 feed, on plants in no way related to the Onagracece ; thus L. mis- 

 cella feeds on Helianthemum vulgare, and L. Stej)hensi in all pro- 

 bability feeds under the bark of oak trees, whilst the larva of the 

 curious L. Phragmitella occurs in the heads of Typ)ha. The young 

 mine of Laverna Raschkiella is so like the mine of a Nepticula 

 that it might readily pass for one, but for the different structure 

 of the larva. The larva of Laverna Epilobiella feeds on the out- 

 side of the leaves of Epilobium hirsulum, though possibly when 

 very young it operates as a miner. 



In considering the next group of five genera, Acrolepia, Gele- 

 chia, Coleophora, Cosmopteryx and Bedellia, it will be observed, in 

 the first instance, that I have assigned two lines to the genus 

 Gelechia; in fact this genus comprises in itself larvae of almost 

 every variety of habit ; nearly 300 European species are already 



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