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THE CACTACEAE. 
Schumann described the group briefly, as follows: 
“Ribs mostly moderately high, laterally compressed, almost like cardboard, very many (E. 
coptonogonus with only 13 to 15); flowers small, like a Mammillaria flower; ovary with scales and 
glabrous.” 
Key to Species. 
Ribs thick at base, triangular in cross-section. 
Ribs 10 to 14. 
Ribs about 35. 
Ribs always numerous, very thin even at base. 
Ribs 100 or more. 
Ribs 25 to 55. 
Some or all of radial spines acicular or setaceous. 
Radial spines all acicular, white, straight. 
Flowers greenish yellow. 
Central spines terete. 
Central spines narrow, but flattened. 
Flowers not greenish yellow. 
Central spines 4. 
Central spines 3. 
Central spines annulate; apex of plant not depressed. 
Central spines not annulate; apex of plant umbilicate. 
Upper radial spines subulate, some flattened. 
Spines yellow or white. 
Spines only 5 or 6. 
Spines 8 to 11. 
Central and upper spines brownish. 
None of the spines acicular. 
Perianth-segments rather short. 
All spines appressed against plant. 
Some spines erect or porrect. 
Ribs about 25. 
Four upper spines much elongated. 
Spines all somewhat similar. 
Spines only 5. 
Spines 10 or more. 
Ribs 30 or more. 
Radial spines white. 
Radial spines brown. 
Flowers purplish. 
Flowers yellow. 
Upper and flattened spines 3, rather short, red. 
Upper and flattened spines usually 1, rarely 2. 
Perianth-segments much elongated and widely spreading or recurved 
Species not grouped. 
1. E. coptonogonus 
2. E. hastatus 
3. E. multicostatus 
4. E. wippermannii 
5. E. heteracanthus 
6. E. albatus 
7. E. lloydii 
8. E. zacalecasensis 
9. E. lamellosus 
10. E. grandicornis 
11. E. arrigens 
12. E. violaciflorus 
13. E. obvallatus 
14. E. pentacanthus 
15. E. cr is pat us 
16. E. dichroacanthus 
17. E. anfractuosus 
18. E. tricuspidatus 
19. E. phyllacanthus 
20. E. lancifer 
21. E. gladiolus 
22. E. confusus 
1. Echinofossulocactus coptonogonus (Lemaire) Lawrence in Loudon, Gard. Mag. 17:317. 1S41. 
Eckinocactus coptonogonus Lemaire, Cact. Aliq. Nov. 23. 1838. 
Echinocactus coptonogonus major Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp. 87. 1839. 
Echinofossulocactus coptonogonus major Lawrence in Loudon, Gard. Mag. 17: 317. 1841. 
Simple or perhaps cespitose, globular or a little depressed, 7 to 10 cm. high, glaucous-green; ribs 
stout, 1.5 cm. high, 10 to 14, acute; areoles about 2 cm. apart, when young abundantly floccose, but in 
age naked; spines 3 to 5, stout, a little incurved, the longest 3 cm. long, flattened; flowers 3 cm. long, 
4 cm. broad; inner perianth-segments numerous, linear-oblong, acute, purple with white margins; 
ovary brownish violet, bearing thin scales. 
Type locality: Mexico. 
Distribution: Mexico, near San Luis Potosl and Pachuca, according to Schumann; the 
plant found at the latter locality is probably to be referred elsewhere. 
This species is very abundant about San Luis Potosi from which place we have received 
considerable material from Orcutt and Palmer. It does not do well in cultivation. Only 
one plant is now alive in our collection and this has never flowered. 
Echinocactus interruptus Scheidweiler (Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 29. 1850) was referred 
here but never published. It was also used by Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 65. 1837) as a syno¬ 
nym of E. exsculptus. 
