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when dry, sometimes edged with bright yellow dust (soredia). 

 The under side is yellow or at least distinctly yellowish, silky 

 and veined. The margins are often thickened and studded with 

 raised blackish granules, which may also spread over the upper 

 surface. 



Fruits form on the margins, but so complicated is the struc- 

 ture that they may appear to cap irregular tubes thrust up from 

 the center. The cupped or flat disk, up to 5 mm. across, may 

 be smooth or wrinkled, chestnut brown, shining, and the rim 

 broken, or toothed. Spores undivided, colorless, 4 to 8 by 4 to 5 

 microns. 



Cetraria juniperina is conspicuous by its yellow under sur- 

 face and yellow soredia, which distinguish it from other Papery 

 Lichens in the New York area. The shade is never orange-yellow 

 like Teloschistes parietinus or other members of Group 9, but 

 rather a bright sulphur or bright greenish lemon yellow. No 

 other local Papery Lichen which lifts itself from the foothold 

 has a yellow under surface. It can be confused only with C. 

 pinastri (Group 5), a closely related species, often considered 

 a flat variety of it, found in the mountains and commonly on 

 rocks. C. pinastri rarely or never fruits. Sticta crocata (Group 7) 

 has dusty yellow sorediate margins, but a brown under surface. 



Cetraria ciliaris. Tendril Lichen. 



Also called Nephromapsis ciliaris. Grows somewhat larger 

 than C. juniperina, and is found with it on the bark or twigs 

 of trees in pine barren swamps or upland bogs, or on fence- 

 rails farther north. Tufts are sometimes 10 cm. across, but rise 

 only 1 or 2 cm. from the foothold. The many crowded divisions, 

 about 1 cm. across, spread outward, splitting into lobes with 

 the margins much crinkled and again divided into smaller 

 lobes, some not more than 1 mm. across. Along this complex 

 margin, occasional black hairs will be seen, often not noticeable 

 without a search. Numerous black granules are also usually 

 set along the edge. The upper surface, greenish gray or some- 

 times brownish, is shallowly pitted in a net-like arrangement, 

 or drawn into wrinkles, while a somewhat similar pattern on 

 the whitish under surface is varied by root-like holdfasts, at 

 first whitish. Older parts may brown and blacken. 



Fruits, usually oval and up to 1 cm. across, appear along 



