64 



and intertangled, apices spinose, which distinguishes this group from the 

 Cladinae, which they resemble in massed habit and with which they often 

 occur. The smooth cortex of the Unciales (except in C. Boryi), also dis- 

 tinguish them from the usually rough surfaced Cladinae. One to four 

 inches high, dwarfed in alpine or exposed situations. 

 Podetia smooth and firm on surface, yellowish-gray to brownish-green, 

 with axillary or internodal perforations in older plants, both sterile and 

 fertile, with small brown apothecia, constructed at base, cupless. 



17. C. uncialis 



Podetia smooth, yellowish gray to pale yellowish green, in some forms 

 bearing shallow cups, axillary perforations on fertile plants but rare on 

 sterile. 



18. C. caroliniana 



Podetia delicate in surface, tending to be decorticate, dull ashy gray, often 

 quite stout, up to 8 millimetres in diameter, older plants with reticulate 

 or perforated surfaces and bearing conspicuous cups with perforated 

 membranes, axillary perforations numerous. 



19. C. Boryi 



Podetia much branched, arising from branches or free fragments of dying 

 podetia, or rarely from primary squamules, sub-cylindrical, cupless or 

 sometimes cup-bearing, forming large or small clusters, cortex continuous 

 or areolate, rarely squamulose at base, straw-colored or greenish, basal 

 dead portions scarlet, apices brownish, subulate and sterile, or rarely 

 terminated by small, abruptly dilated perforate cups, margins frequently 

 spinulose or radiately lacerate or proliferous, apothecia solitary or clus- 

 tered, sometimes perforate or lobate, brick red or brownish. 



20. C. amaurocraea 



Chasmariae (Ach.) Floerke. Primary squamules persistent or disappearing, 

 white beneath. Podetia usually persistent basally, cupless or with open 

 cups, not closed by a diaphragm, axils usually open. 

 Primary squamules largest of North American Cladoniae, with broad, 

 rounded lobes, stout, branching podetia, with sterile subulate tips, or 

 bearing small cups, simple or proliferous, rarely fruiting; faint yellow 

 reaction with KOH. (PI. 3, f. 8.) 



29. C. turgida 



Primary squamules small to medium, with finely incised to crenate mar- 

 ginal divisions. 



Podetia reduced to short stalks bearing apothecia, or the apothecia sessile 

 on the primary squamules. KOH — . 



28. C. caespiticia 

 Podetia well developed. 



Podeita cup-forming, cups from small and simple to large and densely 

 proliferate, cortex disintegrating. KOH — . 



25. C. squamosa 



