116 



3-8 pointed; gonidia grayish, greenish or brownish; interspaces 

 tomentose. 2. C. sylvatica. 



Podetia sometimes whorled throughout along the main axes, or with 

 occasional single branches between whorls; peripheral branches 

 upright, or in older plants, curving or nodding, with ultimate 

 branches in clusters of three or more, sometimes distinctly parallel; 

 podetial surface smooth, or in older plants verruculose (with 

 minute warts). (PI. 1, f. 3.) 3. C. mitis. 



Podetia rarely polytomous (many-branched) and usually dichotomous 

 (branching by two forks) or occasionally with single branches on 

 one side; straw-colored, greenish, whitish or brownish. 

 KOH-f-, pale yellow, outer podetial layers persistent, monopodial 

 (single stemmed) appearance clear in larger axes; podetial surface 

 smooth, or verruculose in older plants. (PI. 1, f. 2.) 4. C. tenuis. 

 KOH — , monopodial appearance not so definite, podetia irregularly 

 branched or subdichotomously divided, podetial surface rough with 

 disintegrating gonidia as plant matures, gonidia greenish, yellow- 

 ish or whitish, or darkening. 5. C. impexa. 

 Podetia in regular, smooth, compact colonies, plant masses often with an 

 even, curving top, the podetia being all of nearly equal length; poly- 

 tomous (many-branched) ; with whorls of branches around gaping 

 axils; whitish or pale gray; KOH—, outer podetial layers often dis- 

 integrating — surfaces arachnoid. Characterized in appearance, by the 

 smoothly rounded masses; children call them "biscuits," or "castles" in 

 New England. 6. C. alpestris. 



Subgenus 2. PYCNOTHELIA Ach. Primary thallus granular-crustaceous' 

 persistent. Podetia short, 5 inch to one inch tall; stout, simple, or short- 

 branched, terminating in blunt tips. Apothecia small, brownish-red. The 

 single species in this sub-genus is in strong contrast, in its simple forms, 

 to those of the previous division. It resembles, as Robbins and Blake note, 

 "minute cacti," a fact brought out well with a hand lens. Forms described 

 in notes on habitats. (PI. 1, f. 4.) 7. C. papillaria. 



Subgenus 3. CENOMYCE. (Ach) Th. Fr. Primary thallus foliaceous (with 

 leaf like squamules) persistent, or sometimes disappearing. 

 Series A. Cocciferae Del. Apothecia scarlet, or rarely flesh-colored or whit- 

 ish in some color forms. This series includes some of the most con- 

 spicuous and well known species of Cladonia. The brilliant color of their 

 fruit, especially in the common C. cristatella, has given them popular 

 names, such as "Scarlet-Crested Cladonia," "British Soldiers," "Red 

 Tops," etc. They are among the most striking and beautiful of lichens, 

 a. Subglaucescentes Vainio. Primary squamules grayish-green above, 

 white beneath; podetia whitish to grayish green; podetia sometimes 

 fertile, with rather small scarlet apothecia, or sterile, with blunt 

 or pointed apices, mostly decorticate, (without a definite outer cor- 

 tex or skin), and the decorticate areas farinose-sorediate, or granu- 

 lose. 



