15 



General form : branching, height and breadth of the tree. 

 Bark : Characteristic appearance. Does the tree shed the 

 bark? 



Compare bark of the tree studied with other common trees.. 



Compare the bark of the needle-leaved trees with that of 



some of the broad-leaved trees. 



Leaf : Compare the form with other leaves that have been 



studied. How is the leaf fastened to the stem ? Where are 



the leaf buds for next year ? Make a careful study of buds 



with their wrappings. When do the leaves fall and what 



changes take place in the leaf before its fall ? 



Fruit : How fastened to the stem ? Where most abundant on 



the tree ? Kind of seeds produced by the tree ? 

 Germination of seeds : Recognition of seeds of the common 

 trees. Allow the seeds to sprout and examine stages of 

 growth. Brief account of nourishment and growth of trees. 

 Twigs : Prominence of certain buds and smallness of others. 

 Development of buds on different parts of the twigs ; size, 

 shape, color of buds ; shape and character of bud scales. 

 Scars on the twigs. Leaf scars ; bud scars. Annual growth 

 as shown by external markings ; compare growth of different 

 years. Growth and development of branches. 

 II. Field work. Recognition of individual trees at different sea- 

 sons. General outline for field work : difference in height 

 of trees ; difference in foliage masses ; advantage of different 

 types growing together ; trees that have the greatest 

 number of branches ; results of crowding ; method of mak- 

 ing a tree grow with a tall, straight trunk ; the effect upon 

 the wood if numerous branches are allowed to develop ; 

 method of cutting and pruning. 



III. Care of trees and forests. Some ways in which destruction 



of forest areas has come about ; fires, careless cutting, etc., 

 insect pests, fungus growths. Ways of preventing destruc- 

 tion. 



Let some pupil write for pamphlets. Discuss the efforts 

 that are being made to save the trees and forests. Com- 

 pare our forest tracts with forest areas in Europe. 



IV. Wild life in the woods. Make a list of some of the wild 



animals seen in the woods in which we have been, and 

 speak of their interesting characteristics, enemies, means of 

 protection, etc. Life in winter, snow tracks. Hunting 

 centers of the United States. 

 V. Lumbering. 

 i. Lumbering- reg-ions and forest reserves : Where situated in 



