26 



Herbs or creeping plants 



*Actaea alba *Galium triflorum 

 Antennaria canadensis Gaultheria procumbens 



*Arisaema triphyllum *Geranium robertianum 



Aster laevis *Hepatica acutiloba 



*Botrychinm virginianum Lycopodium annotinum 



Carex umbellata * Lycopodium lucidulum 



Cerastium vulgatum *Osmorrhiza longistylis 

 Chimaphila umbellata Rumex acetosella 



Clintonia borealis Solidago canadensis 



*Dryopteris cristata Vagnera stellata 



*Dryopteris spinulosa Verbascum thapsus 



The following are characteristic of typical beech-maple forests 

 but their Frequency Indices were less than i% or they did not 

 appear in any quadrat in the reforesting areas: Tree: Prunus 

 serotina; Shrub: Ribes cynoshati; Liana: Celastrus scandens; 

 Herbs: Adiantum pedatum, Agrimonia gryposepala, Allium tri- 

 coccum, Aster macrophylbis , Biciiculla canadensis, Bicuciilla cucul- 

 laria, Carex albursina, Carex arctata, Chenopodium capitatum, 

 Corallorrhiza maculata, Cynoglossum officinale, Erythronium al- 

 bidum, Galium circaezans, Lappula deflexa, Medeola virginiana, 

 Melica striata, AIiliu?n effusum, Monotropa uniflora, Pyrola 

 elliptica, Streptopus roseus, Tiarella cordifolia, Uvularia grandi- 

 flora. Viburnum acerifolium, and Viola eriocarpa. 



Reforestation in Disturbed Areas Studied 



A. Fire. Many of the reforesting areas studied have been 

 burnt over. There are two types of fires, (i) ground fires which 

 damage only part of the trees and are local, and (2) fires sweeping 

 everything and killing all the trees and ground plants and 

 destroying accumulated humus. 



The succession the first few years after a fire is very similar 

 in all areas. Pioneer ground plants, often lichens like Cladonia 

 rangiferina, or, if low ground, liverworts like Marchantia poly- 

 morpha. Epilobium angustifolium often follows this lichen or 

 liverwort stage and is followed by aspens and associated ground 

 plants. This association is characterized by quickly growing, 

 short-lived, sun-loving trees, and sun-l()\'ing ground plants, 

 many of which have rootstocks. 



From this point the succession goes one of two ways, (i) The 

 aspen stage ma\- become completely developed and from that 



