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nata. But such places are the special habitat of Abies and Thuya 

 of the species above mentioned and Taxus brevifolia representing 

 the gymnosperms, which are associated with a lower growth of 

 deciduous trees and shrubs, among which are very readily found 

 Fraxinus Or eg ana, Acer circinatmn, A. macropliyllum, Cormis Nut- 

 talli, Primus cmarginata, Alnns Orcgana, PI lil ad el pi ins Calif ornicus, 

 Spiraea Douglasii, Holodiscus discolor and Viburnum ellipticurn. 



These form in most places dense thickets of undergrowth over- 

 hanging the muddy banks of the streams. So far as was ob- 

 served, the vegetation above described was very uniform. As 

 we ascend the streams from the alluvial lowlands toward the 

 hills, however, a considerable difference may be observed. 



The uplands, as the term is here used, have an altitude of from 

 200 to 500 feet above sea-level and include practically all the 

 soil not restricted to creek or river bottoms within this altitude. 

 They may not be much higher than the bottom lands but the 

 soil contains more sand, is coarser and drains dry more readily. 

 This brown loam, at the most but a few feet in depth, is under- 

 laid by a clayey subsoil. The uplands are undulating with here 

 and there comparatively small areas, swales, with a peculiar 

 clayey soil supplied with springs and possessing some peculiari- 

 ties of vegetation. 



The forest covering of the uplands consists mainly of Pseu- 

 dotsuga. As a rule no other gymnosperms are present. In 

 many places this tree has such a monopoly of soil and light as 

 to exclude almost everything else. In the more open woods, 

 however, we find Cornus, Acer, Corylus, Spiraea, and sometimes 

 Qucrcus Garryana. Quercus usually forms groves by itself and 

 does not grow so well in the open forest of Pseudotsuga as do 

 some other deciduous trees. There is not a large number of de- 

 ciduous trees and shrubs and most of the lower growth of the 

 upland forests consists of but few species of the genera above 

 named. A smaller shrubby growth consisting of species of 

 Gaultheria and Berberis constitutes nearly all of the immediate 

 soil-covering over large tracts of forest land. 



The swale areas, as has already been said, possess some pecu- 

 liarities worth noticing. While the Douglas spruce is still the 



