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most prominent feature of the vegetation, yet it is not so abun- 

 dant as elsewhere and leaves space for a luxuriant undergrowth 

 of Fraximis, Crataegus, Spiraea, Amelanchier, Acer, Salix, etc. 

 It will be noticed that we meet here the same genera which are 

 characteristic of the bottom lands, and, it may be added, the 

 same species as well. Although the soil is wet, as is indicated 

 by the roots of trees which spread over the surface of the ground 

 instead of growing downward, yet we do not find those gymno- 

 sperms which are most characteristic of bottom lands. Here, 

 too, we find little of Gaultheria and Berberis so characteristic of 

 the rolling lands and in the more open spaces find species of 

 Rosa and Sywplwricarpos and dense thickets of Spiraea Douglasii. 

 Some of the densest forest-covering of the upland is second- 

 growth Douglas spruce some forty or fifty years old. As a rule, 

 in such woods there are large trees of a much greater age whose 

 low, wide-reaching branches indicate an isolated condition during 

 most of their earlier years. It is said by the older inhabitants 

 that before much immigration had taken place, considerable areas 

 of land in the lower Willamette valley were covered only by large 

 isolated trees and a luxuriant growth of grass, a condition, as they 

 say, maintained by the Indians. As p'arts were fenced off by the 

 settlers for cultivation, the rest was neglected and soon sprang up 

 to undergrowth which one sees to-day as a forest of young trees 

 fifty feet or more in height. Whether the report is true or not, 

 the forest conditions in many places now show plainly that a 

 younger forest has arisen there in the last fifty years. A tract 

 of land which was under the writer's own observation in 1884, 

 was then almost entirely devoid of undergrowth, the growth hav- 

 ing been cleared off and burned a few years previous. In the 

 summer of 1901, however, this tract was again visited and found 

 covered with an almost inpenetrable growth mostly of young 

 Pscudotsuga, about twenty feet in height. The Douglas spruce 

 is, however, not the first to appear on neglected areas. As a 

 rule, a growth of Salix soon appears, and for some time it is the 

 only thing in sight. Later, this growth is largely replaced by 

 other deciduous shrubs, Coryhts rostrata, Holodiscus discolor, 

 etc., which in turn yield to the spruce. The forest encroaches 



