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as commonest or most striking were the acacias, Olea, Dodonaea, 

 Nerium odorum, Cassia fistula, Melia, and Dalbergia. As we 

 ascended Pinus longifolia became commoner and the wild 

 pomegranate, Punica granatum, began to be common and as 

 we got up to about 4,500 the oaks, spruces and other Kashmir 

 types were the important elements of the flora. 



The pass over the outermost range which looks out over the 

 plains is 6,000 feet, just 4,300 feet higher than where we started 

 at Rawalpindi, but as mentioned before, the flora is as different 

 as though it were another continent. But going down from the 

 pass to Kohala, which is in the warm valley of the Jhelam, and 

 is only 2,050 feet, such Punjab types as Acacia arabica, modesta 

 and alhispina, Olea Melia and Dodonaea reappear. They occur 

 only in the valleys, however, and the hills are covered with 

 forests of Cedrus deodara (which some take to be a variety of the 

 cedar of Lebanon), Pinus longifolia, Juglans regia, Prunus Padus, 

 Pavia Indica, Picea, Abies, Acer, Quercus, Berberis and the 

 other types found near Murree. 



The country between the first range and Kashmiris a rugged, 

 well-wooded country with cultivation along the banks of the 

 streams and on the terraced hillsides to which a small stream 

 can be diverted for irrigation purposes. After a hundred and 

 fifty miles of this type of country one comes out into the wonder- 

 ful valley of Kashmir. It is about eighty miles long and twenty 

 to twenty-five miles wide with a most wonderful circle of peaks 

 that average 15,000 ft. 



The valley itself is highly cultivated except for the large shallow 

 lakes which are full of aquatic plants of great variety. The 

 lotus, water lilies, Euryale ferox, Trapa natans, p.otamogetons, 

 sagittarias and a host more fill the water so that the horses and 

 cattle wade out to browse on the water plants and the natives 

 fill their boats and use the plants for fodder. Along the banks 

 of the lakes Iris, Euphrasia, Spiranthes, Menyanthes, buttercups, 

 polyganums and other new- world genera abound. All kinds of 

 temperate fruits flourish on the hillsides; and pears, quinces, 

 apricots, apples, peaches, plums, almonds, cherries, walnuts and 

 mulberries are for sale in the bazaars and are canned or trans- 



