make the conspicuous part of the dogwood "flower," the dry- 

 reddish winter scale forming an irregular tip to the white 

 " petals. " Below the flower bud are four leaf buds pressed against 

 the stem, each covered by a single scale. As the flower bud 

 develops, these grow out at right angles to each other (often 

 only two of the buds develop). The leaf buds of the dogwood 

 are to be found only at the tips of the stems, the pair of leaf 

 scars in the middle of each year's growth bearing no buds above 

 them. The terminal buds are partly surrounded by the bases of 

 the petioles of last year's leaves. Between each of these petioles 

 and the bud a tiny leaf bud is hidden. The two bud scales en- 

 close three small buds, two lateral and one terminal, each consist- 

 ing of a single pair of leaves with a growing point between. The 

 tips of the twigs thus have five leaf buds, though only one is 

 apparent. Sometimes all four of the lateral buds develop, 

 sometimes only part of them, but they usually grow longer than 

 the terminal one, making the branching irregular and spread- 

 ing. 



Of trees with alternate buds a few have no protecting scales. 

 In the black locust the buds are submerged in the stem below 

 the leaf scars. On young or vigorous shoots there is a pair of 

 stout spines at each side of the leaf scar, these remaining on 

 the stem for several years, but on older trees, especially on the 

 lower branches, the spines are too small to be seen or may be 

 entirely lacking. The leaf scar is three-lobed with three bundle 

 scars. After the leaf falls the scar cracks between the bundles, 

 exposing a cavity lined with silky brown hairs. These hairs 

 grow downward from the scar that forms the roof of the chamber, 

 as well as up from the bottom. On the median line among these 

 hairs are from two to four almost microscopic buds, mere pro- 

 jections without evidence of leaves as seen with a hand lens. 

 Often another bud is formed beneath the bark just above the 

 leaf scar, showing as a slight ridge. This bud sometimes develops 

 into a short shoot the first year, but in such cases nearly always 

 dies and drops off before winter. No terminal bud is found in 

 the locust, but as the tip of the twig dies and breaks off im- 

 mediately above the last lateral bud, this usually appears ter- 

 minal. 



Bud scales when present may represent leaves as in the oaks, 

 hickories and others, or they may be stipules. In the oaks 



