104 



"The Indian ladder took the name from the fact that the Indians 

 of Schoharie vahey, upon their trading trips to this section 

 of the Hudson, felled a tree against the face of the cliff, which 

 opposed their trail, and used it as their ladder." 



The word Helderberg signifies "clear mountain." The cliffs 

 rise about 800 feet above the valley, or 1,200 feet above sea level. 

 The geological formation as given on the Xew York State geo- 

 logical map is 



Water-lime beds 



fTentaculites (Alanlius), shabby limestone 

 Helderberg j Cliff-j Pentamerus (Coej-mans), massive lime- 

 limestones j [ stone 



I Shalv limestone (at the top) 



>■ Becraft limestone (half a mile back) 



The following plants were seen or collected, on the cliffs, 

 along their base and at the top. Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. and 

 Leptogium lacerum (Retz.) S. F. Gray on moist rocks among 

 mosses in the spray of Mine Lot Fall; Parmelia caperata (L.) 

 Ach. on Betula lutea; and Urceolaria scriiposa (Schreb.) Ach. 

 on rocks. 



Porella platyphylla (L.) Lindb. 



Anomodon rostrahis (Hedw.) Schimp. and Anomodon vitic- 

 ulosus (L.) Hook. & Tayl., sides of. the cliffs: Mnhini cuspi- 

 datum (L.) Leyss and Timmia citcullata IVIx. on soil at base of 

 cliffs. 



Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl in mosses along the face 

 of the cliffs. 



Jimiperus sihirica Burgsd.; Trillium erectum L.; Asarum 

 canadense L.; Cerastium arcense L., a very showy plant with 

 large white flowers, growing in the clefts of the rocks along the 

 upper part of the carriage road; Aquilegia canadensis L.; Arabis 

 lyrata L., the flowers fragrant; Dentaria laciniata L.; Dentaria 

 maxima Nutt.; early saxifrage, Micranthes virginiensis (Mx.) 

 Small; Waldsteinia fragarioides (Mx.) Tratt. and Lonicera cana- 

 densis Marsh. 



July 22, igo6. We left the city on the morning train. It was 



