94 



Elephantopus spicatus, Emilia sonchifoUa, Hyptis capitata, Hyptis 

 spicigera, Sida acuta, Triumfetta sp., and Waltheria americana 

 grow on the .ground. A very few shrubby plants — Flemingia 

 cumingiana, Cassia alata, Ehretia polyantha, Grumilea luconiensis, 

 Helicteres hirsuta, Melastoma polyanthum, Hominoia riparia 



Fig. 4. Loranthus sp., hemiparasitic on Casuarina eq^uisetifolia. Pombato, Zam- 

 bales Province, December 21, 1914. 



(only at the edge of the streams), and Acacia confusa — and vines 

 — Abrus precatorius, Deeringia haccata, Piper interruptum, Quis- 

 gualis indica, and Streptocaulon Baumii — may be present. A 

 hemiparasite, Loranthus sp. often forms dense clumps in the 

 crowns of Casuarina, as shown in Fig. 4. The dark green color 

 of Loranthus is in direct contrast to the light grayish green of 

 Cas%iarina. 



Openings made in Casuarina groves generally become covered 

 with the tall grasses, Saccharum spontaneum, Rotthoellia ophiur- 



