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The second American botanic garden in North America was 

 also near Philadelphia, and was established in 1773 by Humphry 

 Marshall, a first cousin of John Bartram and, like him, a Quaker. 

 The old garden has long since passed into a state of decay, but 

 the house, built by Marshall with his own hands in 1773, is still 

 in an excellent state of preservation. Humphry Marshall has 

 the distinction of having written the first botanical work ever pub- 

 lished in the United States, an account of our native trees and 

 shrubs, printed at Philadelphia in the latter part of the year 1785. 



One of the most remarkable of the early American botanists 

 was Thomas Walter, a native of Hampshire, England, who went 

 to South Carolina when a young man, married there, and settled 

 on the banks of the Santee River. How he became interested in 

 botany, how he was able to carry on his botanical work in such 

 complete isolation from the rest of the scientific world, is quite 

 unaccountable. However accomplished, it is an indisputable 

 fact that he prepared a clear, succinct, and remarkably complete 

 flora of the region about his home, which was published in Lon- 

 don by John Fraser in 1788. Fraser was a collector who visited 

 the southern states repeatedly, the first time as early as 1785 ; 

 he was a personal friend of Walter's, and took the manuscript 

 back with him upon his return from one of his earlier trips. 

 Walter died in the same year in which his flora was published, 

 less than fifty years of age, and was buried in the garden adjoin- 

 ing his home, where he is said to have cultivated many of the 

 plants described in his Flora Caroliniana. His herbarium is pre- 

 served in the Department of Botany of the British Museum. 



Our attention is now claimed by a small group of men who 

 played an important part in the development of American botany. 

 They were born, and died, in foreign lands, but they spent years 

 in the active botanical exploration of the United States as then 

 limited, and their labors resulted, in each instance, in the publica- 

 tion of a monumental work upon the North American flora. 



Andre Michaux, a Frenchman, already well known for his 

 botanical travels in Europe and the Orient, landed at New York 

 late in 1785, and spent more than ten years in America, traveling 

 throughout the known parts of the country from Hudson Bay to 



