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has been mentioned. Among moss students, we may refer to 

 William S. Sullivant, who was the pioneer in the work upon this 

 group of plants in this country, and Thomas P. James, who 

 assisted Leo Lesquereux (of whom more later) in the preparation 

 of the manual which is even now the only book of its kind for 

 the identification of all then known American mosses. In the 

 study of the Hepaticae, Coe F. Austin was the pioneer ; his home, 

 at Closter, New Jersey, was in a region peculiarly rich in its 

 hepatic flora. 



Among the speciaHsts in Algae we may mention Dr. Francis 

 Wolle, a Moravian clergyman, who published several books 

 dealing chiefly with freshwater forms. Almost the only Ameri- 

 can student of lichens, for many years, was Professor Edward 

 Tuckerman, of Amherst College. The most prominent mycol- 

 ogists of this period were Rev, M. A. Curtis, an Episcopalian 

 clergyman, and Henry W. Ravenel, a planter, and since their 

 work, as well as much of that of Schweinitz, was done in the 

 southeastern states, the fungi of that region were better known 

 forty years ago than those of any other part of the country. 



As an example of the few palaeobotanical students of this 

 period we may mention J. S. Newberry, geologist of several 

 government exploring expeditions, state geologist of Ohio, and 

 for twenty-four years professor in Columbia University. A 

 unique position, as one who was at the same time a botanical 

 horticulturist and a horticultural botanist, was occupied by 

 Thomas Meehan, of Germantown, Philadelphia ; his botanical 

 work always betrayed his lack of scientific training, but contained 

 much of permanent value. 



The remarkable immigration to this country from central 

 Europe during the thirties and forties, influenced largely by 

 political conditions, had a pronounced effect upon American 

 botany. Dr. George Plngelmann, from Germany, became the 

 pioneer of botanical work in the Mississippi valley, and estab- 

 lished a botanical center at St. Louis which has been increasing 

 in influence ever since. Dr. Leo Lesquereux, a Swiss, was for 

 many years the foremost American student of fossil plants, and 

 of mosses. Two men of German birth, Dr. Charles Mohr, of 



