PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. XXXI X 



sheds aud the flow of streams ; the precipitation during heavy- 

 showers; the best method of protecting cast iron pipes and 

 valves from the effect of salt water; how to preserve cast iron 

 pipes from tubercnlation ; the best method of preventing the 

 formation of frazil ice ; more information about water-hammer 

 in distribution and power line systems; more specific informa- 

 tion in reference to the effect of different kinds of water and 

 different classes of sewage on pipes and channels of varying 

 design and material ; the best method of harnessing the Bay 

 of Fundy tides ; and numerous other facts and fundamental 

 data relating to various branches of hydraulics and hj^draulie 

 engineering. 



The aim of the old-time military engineer was destruction^ 

 the object of the modern engineer is construction, the function 

 of the coming engineer is operation. 



To the development of our natural resources we have ap- 

 plied a native energy, some capacity for organization and 

 .considerable genius for mechanical affairs. Some portions of 

 the development are done on a great scale, but we often do it 

 very badly. It is time for us to inquire whether the things 

 that we are doing cannot be done better, if in fact others have 

 not developed and put to use much better methods than we 

 are employing. 



Although the resources of a country form the basis of its 

 prosperity, much depends on the manner in which these 

 resources are utilized, or in other words on the industrial 

 efficiency of the means and methods of production. We have 

 developed and are developing great transportation systems,^ 

 Ave handle raw material on a large scale, machinery has been 

 applied even to the addressing of our letters and affixing 

 stamps; but it remains true, nevertheless, that with a few 

 conspicuous exceptions our manufacturing operations are car- 

 ried forward in trustful ignorance and disregard of many of 

 the factors upon which real industrial efficiency depends. 

 This is shewn in the stupendous waste which sometimes accom- 

 panies the first crude preparation of the raw material ; it is 

 shewn in the general absence of a true selective economy in 



