12 



as given in my notes, and, by adding twice the thickness of the wall, 

 obtained a circumference of 89Jfeet; just sufficient space to accommo- 

 date ten apartments, with an equal number of partition- walls a fraction 

 l€ss than 12 inches in thickness. 



By adding to the diameter of the inner circle the total thickness of 

 the walls, plus twice the distance between them, I obtained a diameter 

 of 43 feet for the outer circle. The circuit of the structure is, therefore, 

 135 feet. Although these figures are greater than those previously given 

 (estimated), I am confident that they cannot vary greatly from the truth. 



There were no indications of windows or doors in the fragment of 

 outer wall, but two nearly rectangular openings in the inner wall seemto 

 have served as doorways between the central inclosure and the cells. We 

 may suppose that each cell had similar means of communication with 

 the interior. The one doorway that remains entire is 6 feet from the 

 ground, and measures 2 feet in width by 3 in height. The stone-work 

 of the facing is very neat and exact, and the lintel is of a single slab 

 of sandstone. It may be fairly presumed that the outer wall had no 

 doorways or windows within reach of the ground, and that entrance 

 was obtained, by means of ladders, through high windows or by way of 

 the roof. The central inclosure has doubtless served as an estufa, and 

 and there are still evidences of a considerable depression. 



That this ruin is quite ancient is attested by the advanced stage of 

 decay, and that it has been of considerable height may be inferred from 

 the large quantities of debris. A similar and somewhat more perfect 

 example of double-walled tower is illustrated in plate VIII. 



There seem to have been no buildings of importance in connection 

 with this ruin, but many in the vicinity. On the point of a low rocky 

 promontory that extends down from the mesa on the west to within a 

 few yards of the circular ruin are some masses of decaying wall, and a 

 large circular depression, not differing in appearance from the usual 

 estiifa. 



It is probable that there are other remains higher up on the rocky 

 slope; indeed, others could, be seen from the trail, but I found no time 

 to visit them. 



A few hundred yards below the great tower, and very near the trail, 

 a smaller tower occurs, having other ruins connected with it, and in a 

 weather-worn cavity in a massive crag near by is the cosy little dwell- 

 ing shown in figure 5. 



The rude little fire-place illustrated in figure 6 was observed by Mr. 

 Brandegee in connection with a cliff-house on the opposite side of the 

 canon, a little farther up. It is remarkable as being the only example 

 discovered by our party. There seem to be no traces whatever of fire- 

 places, ovens, furnaces, or chimneys in or about any of the ruins 

 described, which is rather remarkable, since fires must have been used in 

 baking pottery and for domestic purposes, and we cannot suppose that a 

 people so well advanced in architectural skill were unable to build fire- 

 places and furnaces. 



PLATE V. — CLIFF-HOUSES OF THE MANGOS. 



In this plate are given sketches of two of the more interesting groups 

 of cliff-houses, or fortresses, as they may quite as appropriately be 

 called. Figure 1 represents a portion of a group found about ten miles 

 from the foot of the canon in a subordinate clifif on the west side. This 

 low cliff is of massive sandstone, and is washed by the river, the trail 

 being crowded back against the steep wall. At the height of about 



