68 



about the circumference of an average buck-shot. Such beads were 

 evidently held in great esteem by the people, and among the ruius they 

 are extremely rare, only two or three specimens having been found. 

 Captain Moss, of Parrott City, Colo., who has spent much time dur- 

 ing the past few years among the ruins of this section, says that these 

 beads are valued highly by the present Navajo Indians to the south, a 

 small string, when such can be found, bringing a good horse in ex- 

 change. The Navajoes are constantly grubbing among the ruins and 

 ancient graves in search of these trinkets ; and this accounts for their 

 great scarcity among the ruius to-day. They were undoubtedly obtained 

 by the ancients from other tribes, who brought them, or at least the 

 shells from which they were fashioned, from the Pacific coast. We 

 know that these ruins extend as far west as the junction of the San 

 Juan and Colorado Elvers, so that communication between this tribe 

 and those along the Pacific Ocean was rendered easy. 



Of the second class of bead-ornaments, many are found among the 

 heaps of ancient pottery which surround all of the old ruined buildings. 

 A small piece of pottery, generally of the best glazed and painted ware, 

 is taken, and the edges ground down into a circular or rectangular form, 

 varying in size from a third of an inch to an inch in diameter, or from 

 a half inch to an inch and a half in length. The circular specimens 

 have perforations in the center, while the square or rectangular varie- 

 ties have holes near one end. These latter may be classed with No. TV. 



The third division is represented by but a single specimen, which 

 was picked up during the mouth of August, 1875, in the CaQou of 

 the Montezuma, in Utah. It is simply a piece of turquoise, flattened 

 and polished on both sides, and is undoubtedly half of a bead, as is 

 demonstrated by the orifice, at which place it has been divided. The 

 hole was evidently bored by a stone ^^rimmer," as the opening on 

 the top surface is much greater than that on the under. These tur- 

 quoises, or the " Chalchihuitls" of the Indiansi, were obtained from the 

 Los Cerillos Mountains in New Mexico, southeast of Santa Fe. Here 

 is a quarry which was worked probably before the arrival of the 

 Spaniards in this country, and it was here, undoubtedly, that the ancient 

 "cliff-dwellers" obtained their turquoise. Here probably their descend- 

 ants, the Moquis, Pueblos, and Zauis, procured the turquoises men- 

 tioned by the Keverend Father Friar Marco de Ni§a, in 1539, and by 

 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in his account of his visit to these 

 people in 1540. Marco de Niga wrote : "They have emeralds and other 

 jewels, although they esteem none so much as turquoises, wherewith 

 they adorn the walls of the porches of their houses, and their apparel 

 and vessels; and they use them instead of money through all the 

 country." 



The fourth and last class of bead-ornameats consists of all those 

 trinkets, made usually of stone or silicified wood, but occasionally, of 

 pieces of pottery, which were employed in decorating eat-rings or neck- 

 laces. These are usually flat, neatly-polished, rectangular pieces, with 

 the aperture bored through one end. They vary from half an inch to 

 two inches in length, the width being usually about two-thirds of this, 

 and from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in thickness. The form 

 graduates from the rectangular to the elliptical, as the corners are 

 more or less rounded or worn. 



These were suspended either from circular eardrops, made mostly 

 of shell, or from the front center of nscklaces. Souie such ornaments 

 as these are still worn among the Mojaves, Moquis, Pueblos, and 

 ZuQiaas of Arizona and New Mexico. This style of perforated orna- 



