96 



to five gray bands Adult: — Beneath, pearl-gray; tibi£e and 

 lining of wing rufous; crissum -whitish : Young. — Beneath, 

 "white or ochraceous, with lanceolate or ovate stripes of brown- 

 ish-black on breast and sides. Upper parts much variegated by 

 white spotting; no distinct nuchal collar. Bab. — Eastern 

 South America. 

 Certain single characters, or peculiar combinations of conspicuous 



characters, serve for the easy identification of the species ; the following 



being the more prominent ones : — 



A. Tibise uniform rufous. 

 a. Size large. 



* Breast and belly plain pearl-gray. 



1. Lining of wing whitish hicolor, adult. 



2. Lining of wing rufous pileatus, adult. 



** Breast and belly spotted with white. 



1. Ground-color of breast pale fawn-rufous guttatus, adult. 



2. Ground-color of breast slaty or umber ; cMlenSis, adult. 



h. Size small. 



* Breast white, faintly streaked or striped salvini, ad and yng. 



** Breast white, with broad sagittate spots of brown. 



1. Black bands on tail and gray interspaces equal in width, 



erythrocnemis, young. 



2. Black bands on tail decidedly wider than gray interspaces, 



colors all darker ventralis, young. 



* Breast white, with narrow transverse bars ..erythrocnemis, adult. 

 ** Breast plain rufous, or with faint whitish bars in middle por- 

 tion ventralis, adult. 



* Breast plain plumbeous nigroplumbeus, adult. 



B. Tibiee mixed white and rufous. 

 a. Size large. 



* Breast plain gray gundlacM, adult. 



** Breast spotted rufous and white cooper i, adult. 



1). Size small. 



* Cheeks rusty-white, with dusky streaks ; tibise with broad rufous 



spots fuscus, adult. 



** Cheeks plain rufous, without streaks ; tibise with narrow bars of 

 rufous .fringilloides, adult. 



C. Tibise white, with narrow bars of brown .fringilloides, young. 



D. Tibise plain buff or ochraceous ; breast pure white, with dusky shaft- 



streaks ; size small chionogaster, adult and young. 



E. Tibise white or rusty, with spots or streaks of brown. 



a. Breast thickly striped with deep sepia-brown, the sides with broad 

 bars of the same. 



* Size large gundlaclii, young. 



** Size small .fuscus, young. 



h. Breast with narrow stripes of paler brown ; the sides also striped. 



* Size large, c cooperi, young. 



** Size small fuscus, young. 



e. Sides of breast with lanceolate or ovate stripes of blackish. 



* Above much varigated with whitish, spotting pileatus, young. 



** Above without exposed white spotting chilensiSj young. 



F. Lower parts immaculate white or ochraceous ; a distinct nuchal 



collar of the same hicolor, young. 



