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NOUNS. 



man 



hatswul 



boy 



^voman 



father 



mother 



pitiu 



askap 



kauis 



girl 



brother 



sister 



Nouns may be classed as common and proper, as in other languages 



Proper nouns usually express some sentiment ; as — 



La-la-kol-so-te (the bat that flies by day), Indian name of Lawyer, late 



liead-chief. 



Objects as the sun and moon are not designated by different names, 



the word hisamtuks being applied to both, showing that the language 



is not affluent in nouns. 



Gender. 



Only to a very limited extent is distinction of gender expressed as — 



hama 

 aiot 

 pisht 

 pika 



But boar is hama hokhok, man swine; sow is aiot hokhok, woman 

 swine, and so with most of the inferior animals. 



Xumher. 



Only a few nouns form the plural. 



Some form the plural by repeating the first syllable : as, hama, man j 

 haham, men; hatswid, boy; hahatsw?d, boys; pitin, girl; pipitin, girls. 



Other nouns from the plural by prefixing ha; as, aiot, woman ; haiot, 

 women ; askap, brother ; haaskama, brethren. 



The plural of names of inferior animals or inanimate objects is ex- 

 pressed by the use of numerals, or the indefinite words tatash, some; 

 ilani, many. 



Declension. 

 ^Nouns are thus declined : 



Nom. hama (man] 

 Poss. hamanim 

 Ac. hamana 



i^om. watash (earth) 

 Poss. watashnim 

 Ac. watashna 



il^om. John 

 Poss. Johnnim 

 Ac. Johnna 



KoTE. — Whenever the thing possessed is in the accusative — as. He 

 teaches John's sons — then the possessive takes the sign of the accusa- 

 tive. Also the nominative often has the termination of the possessive. 

 The vocative case is indicated by the words a and kam. The nomina- 

 tive is sometimes written after its verb, and the objective before the 

 verb governing it, but usually the order is otherwise. In this it differs 

 from other Indian languages, as the Choctaw, where both the subject 

 and the object are always before the verb. 



Beniarlis. 

 Nouns are formed from adjectives ; as — 



kapskaps strong 



kapskapsna'wit strength 



Nouns are formed from verbs ; 



himtaksha to teach 



himtakawat a teacher 



hitaminwash a school 



hipsha to eat 



hipt food 



komaits 

 komaiitswit 



as — 



hipinwash 

 tamiasha 

 tamiawat 

 tamiawash 



sick 

 sickness 



kitchen 

 to trade 

 trader 

 trading-post 



