REVIEWS 89 



Tests showed that a large amount of a soluble calcium salt, determined to be 

 calcium succinate,- was present in Chara, diffused through the cell sap of the plant. 

 The method of formation of this salt is not at present explainable. It seems probable, 

 however, that it accumulates in the cells until it attains a sufficient density to diffuse 

 through the cell walls by osmosis. Outside the cells or in its passage through the 

 walls, it is decomposed directly into the carbonate. This decomposition is effected 

 possibly by oxidation of the succinic acid due to free oxygen given off by the plants, 

 possibly by some substance in the cell walls, or, m_ore probably, by some organic 

 compounds in the water due to bacterial growth in the organic debris at the bottom 

 of the mass of growing Chara. 



Eckel, E. C. The Quarry hidustry in Southeastern New York. Twentieth 

 Report New York State Geologist, pp. r. 141-r. 176, Pis. XLII-LXI, 

 map, igo2. 



Preliminary report on the quarry industr}^ in the counties of New York, Queens, 

 Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Orange. Detailed descriptions of 

 formations and quarries are preceded by a summary of the structural and stratigraphic 

 geology of the area. 



Eckel, E. C. The Utilization of Iron and Steel Slags. Extract from 

 Mineral Resources U. S. for igoi, 8vo, pp. 17, 1902. 



A fairly detailed discussion of the various methods of utilizing slags. In the 

 present connection it is of interest to note that slags are used in the manufacture of 

 Portland and natural cements, slag blocks, slag brick, and glass ; and also as road 

 metal and railroad ballast. 



This paper was not printed in the completed volume of the Mineral Resources 

 for 1901, and is therefore obtainable only in the form above cited. 



Fisher, C. A. Methods of Studying ajid Displaying Quarry Products as 

 Eviployed by the University of Nebraska Geological Survey, Proc. 

 Nebraska Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, pp. 153-5, Pis. XI-XIII, 1901. 

 Brief description of the methods of gathering data regarding quarries, and of 



utilizing this information in the display of specimens. 



Gillette, H. P. The Cause of Masotiry Disititegration. Engineering News, 



Vol. XLVIII, pp. 340-42. 



Discussion of masonry disintegration in high latitudes; with arguments tending 

 to prove that this disintegration is due primarily, not to frost, but to alternate expan- 

 sion and contraction attending changes of temperature. The paper cannot well be 

 summarized, but is included here as being closely connected with the subject of the 

 decay of building stone. 



Kimball, L. L. The Prodiictio7i of Cetnent in igoi. Extract from Mineral 

 Resources U. S. for 1901. 8vo, pp. 17, 1902. 



During 1901, fifty-six plants produced 12,711,225 barrels of Portland cement, 

 valued at 512,532,360. Natural cement was manufactured by sixty plants, the 

 product being 7,084,823 barrels, valued at $3,056,278. Five plants are said to have 

 produced 272,689 barrels of slag cement, valued at $198,151. 



