124 RE VIE IV S 



miles back. At Kincardine and similar points the bar and ancient 

 lagoon behind it are now high and dry. The sand bar south of the 

 old entrance serves the town for a cemetery. The basin behind is 

 drained by the palmate branches of the Penetangore, which have all 

 cut deep, young valleys in which they rush along "over beds of stony 

 waste. The lowest reach of the river serves, like Forel's plemyrametre 

 on Lake Geneva, to show the Lake or Harbor seiches, by alternate 

 down and reversed flow of the river. Elevated beaches under bluffs 

 in till occur on the lakeward side to the north and south. 



The shore and the immense dunes in the southern region at Hol- 

 land, Muskegon, Pentwater, or Ludington, are all of the finest sand, 

 which only the strong west winds save from the lake as the land settles 

 down. To the northward at Kincardine the rising of the land brings 

 continuous new levels of the till into the play of the waves, which pick 

 out pebbles and bowlders to line a beach on which sands make only 

 patches, and where the dunes are of but moderate significance, since 

 the sand supply is small. Petowsky, also north of the isobase, on Lake 

 Michigan shows a similar beach. 



Studies continued from Lynn, 1898, to Martha's Vineyard, 1901, 

 show the beach cusps to be component features of 2,beach ridge, prom- 

 inent on the tideless Great Lakes, and faint but recognizable on the 

 ocean. Cusps are found at numerous points on the lakes, are always 

 developed with abating surf or off-shore winds, with an interval that 

 bears some proportion to the strength of the waves, often having three- 

 foot spaces at Kincardine and eighty on the ocean. The ridge is often 

 without cusps ; has at times been seen and photographed with water 

 caught behind and rushing out at breaks in the line, as with the weed 

 line at Lynn ; and at times grades from continuity to regions of per- 

 fect cusps. The cusps seem related to a long-shore current, their pre- 

 cise cause not being evident. The cross waves noted by Bramer, 1898, 

 were seen habitually at every point, and photographed, but were not 

 seen to be accompanied by cusps, nor were the numerous cusps 

 observed and photographed seen to associate with such cross-waves. 



Land and sea breezes were observed; the small deflagration 

 wrought by blown sand on rock-material ; and the small dimensions 

 of Lake waves that seriously endangered shipping. 



Valley Loess and the Fossil Ma7i of Lansing, Ka?i. By Warren 

 Upham, St. Paul, Minn. 



The loess in the Missouri and Mississippi valleys is attributed to 

 deposition by these rivers during a time of somewhat lower altitude of 



