286 HARRY FIELDING REID 



were much shorter. The Gaisbergferner in the Oetzthal also 

 exhibits certain peculiarities; the right half was advancing up to 

 1895, but has since then retreated; whereas the left half was 

 retreating from 1894 until two years ago (with the exception of 

 one year, 1898-99), and is now advancing.' 



Italimi Alps. — All the glaciers observed in the Italian Alps 

 are retreating. On the south side of Monte Rosa a few small 

 glaciers have disappeared altogether. A historical study of the 

 two following glacier show these variations : 



Macugnaga glacier : Advance, 1 780 ; retreat, ? ; great advance, 

 1820; retreat, 1820-45; advance, 1845-60; retreat, 1860-81; 

 advance, 1881-93; retreat, 1893 — . 



Lys glacier : Advance, end of seventeenth century ; retreat, 

 ?; advance, 1820; retreat, 1820-52; advance, 1852-59; retreat, 

 1859-84; advance, 1884-89; retreat, 1889 — .^ 



French Alps. — The only observations made of the French 

 glaciers are in the groups of the Pelvoux and of the Cham- 

 beyron, in Dauphine, where all the glaciers observed are in 

 retreat. The glacier Blanc, which has lately been advancing, 

 has joined the general retreat. The Marinet glaciers, the most 

 southerly in the French Alps, are decreasing very remarkably. 

 In general the glaciers of Dauphine are retreating strongly, with 

 the probability that before long some of them will entirely dis- 

 appear. 3 



Scandi?Mvian Alps. — One glacier in the mountains north of 

 Kvikkjokle, in Lapland, retreated ten meters from 1900 to 1901. 

 This may be due to the extraordinary heat of last summer, when 

 the maximum temperature of Kvikkjokle was above 60° F. The 

 Suotes glacier, on the other hand, has advanced fifteen to twenty 

 meters since 1896.4 



Caucasus. — All the glaciers which have been visited are 

 retreating, with the exception of the Devdorak, which is advan- 



' Report of Professor Richter. These peculiarities are undoubtedly the result of 

 the different parts of these glaciers being fed from different reservoirs. 



An excellent historical study of the literature of moraines has been made by Dr. 

 August Bohm, with references to the original sources of information. Abkattd. d. 

 K. K. Geograph. Gesells. in Wien, 1901, Vol. Ill, No. 4. 



^ Report of Professor Porro. 3 Report of M. Kilian. ■♦ Report of M. Svenonius. 



