REVIEWS 425 



apparently collapsed as a result of the withdrawal of the liquid interior of the cone at 

 a time subsequent to the glaciation. By this ingulfment seventeen cubic miles of 

 material is thought to have disappeared. A correlative effusion at some other point is 

 likely to have occurred, but it has not yet been located. 



This mountain, which once occupied the position of Crater lake, had glaciers 

 whose deposits and striae are to be found on the rim of the crater and the mountain 

 slope outside, but not on the slope toward the lake. On the lower slope of the moun- 

 tain were tongues of glacier ice occupying the valleys only, but at the level of the rim 

 (about 8,000 feet A. T.) nearly all the surface was glaciated. Ground moraine mate- 

 rial is widespread, and a few terminal moraines occur. Mention is made of one 

 which is 200 feet in height. Canyon-cutting by glaciers is also a marked feature. 



Fairbanks, H. W. Lake Chelan, Washington. Abstract Science, N. S., 

 Vol. XV, pp. 412, 413, 1902. 



The Lake Chelan valley was occupied in recent times by one of the largest gla- 

 ciers on the eastern slope of the Cascade range. Previous to that there was another 

 lake in the valley at a somewhat lower level, which must have emptied into the Colum- 

 bia river. The author holds that the great depth of the lake is due, not to the erosion 

 by the glacier, but to stream erosion, and this erosion must have occurred prior to the 

 formation of the Columbia lava plateau. A morainal dam holds the lake to its present 

 level of 325 feet above the Columbia river. The author knows no reason to suspect 

 that bed-rock will be encountered above the level of the Columbia river. 



Fairbanks, H. W. Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Pop. Sci. Monthly, March, 

 1 90 1. 



A popular discussion of the features of this lake and of the history involved in the 

 greater Lake Lahontan which once covered this site. 



Fenneman, N. M. The Arapahoe Glacier in igo2. Jour. Geol., Vol. X, 



pp. 839-51, 1902. 



A glacier formerly nine miles long is now reduced to a mile in length and occu- 

 pies a cirque opening eastward to North Boulder creek in Colorado. Deficiency of 

 snow the past three winters and excessive melting in the summers give exceptional 

 opportunity for study and bring out features not known before. The glacier is really 

 much branched, because of inequalities of the rock-bed, and has interesting moraines 

 and crevasses and a prominent bergschrund at the line between the n^ve and the gla- 

 cier proper. There is evidence of an uplift, but it is thought to have long antedated 

 the glaciation. 



Gannett, Henry. Origin of Yosmite Valley. Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. XH, 



pp. 86, 87, 1901. 



This paper was called out by the appearance of a paper by H. W. Turner on the 

 origin of the Yosemite valley,' in which the potency of a glacier for the work of ero- 

 sion is denied. Gannett thinks that the gorges in the high Sierra were cut by glaciers 

 and holds the view that the line of demarkation between the channels made by the 

 ice, and the valleys made by the streams, can be determined almost to a foot. 



'"The Pleistocene Geology of the South -Central Sierra Nevada, with a Special 

 Reference to th? Origin of the Yosemite Valley," Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. L 



