REVIEWS 595 



McLouTH, C. D. Some Ge?teral Remarks on the Topography, Soils, Water 

 Sources, Flora, etc., of Muskegon County. Rept. of State Geologist for 



IQOI, pp. 104-107, 1902. 



The county is largely a sand plain, except the townships of Whitehall, Montague, 

 Casnovia, and Ravenna, in which the predominating soil is clay. The features 

 indicate much oscillation in lake level. The sand plain was covered by Lake Chicago 

 up to a height of perhaps 75 feet above Lake Michigan, but deep-mouthed rivers 

 apparently indicate a lake stage lower than the present surface of Lake Michigan. 

 Flowing wells from the drift are common near the lake shore and range in depth from 

 35 feet at Montague to 250 feet at the south line of the county. 



Sherzer, W. H. Ice Work i7i Southeastern Michigan. Jour. Geol., Vol. X, 

 pp. ig4-2i6, IQ02. 



The paper deals mainly with striation, and this is thought to be referable to four 

 stages or episodes in the history of the Labrador ice-field ; the Illinoian, lowan, early 

 Wisconsin, and late Wisconsin. The oldest movement is southwestward; the next, 

 west-southwestward ; the third, south-southwestward ; and the fourth, mainly south- 

 westward, but on the west side of the Huron-Erie lobe, northwestward toward its 

 moraines. The lowering of the rock surface is thought to have been accomplished 

 mainly in the first ice invasion. The amount of lowering in the three later ice invasions 

 seems likely to be expressed in inches rather than in feet. The suggestion is made 

 that this interpretation of greatest modification of rock topography at the earliest ice 

 advance may also be applicable over the Great Lakes basins. 



Taylor, F. B. Surface Geology of Lapeer Cotmty. Rept. of State Geologist 



for iQOi, pp. 111-17, 1902. 



This county, which is situated on the "Thumb" of Michigan, shows a range in 

 altitude of about 500 feet, from 780 up to nearly 1,300 feet above tide. Five moraines 

 traverse the county in a curving course convex to the north. These include a few 

 clusters of sharp hills, but generally present a swell and sag topography. The Imlay 

 outlet to Lake Maumee, brought to notice by the author's earlier studies, follows a sag 

 between the third and fourth moraines, while earlier lines of glacial drainage which 

 had their head in the ice-sheet in the eastern part of the county made use of sags 

 between the first and second and the second and third moraines. The relative strength 

 of moraines and the courses of glacial drainage are well brought out in a shaded map. 



WISCONSIN. 



Buckley, E. R. Ice Ramparts. (With a discussion by C. R. Van Hise.) 

 Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. XIII, Part I, pp. 141-62, Pis. I-XVIII, 

 1901. 



The changes of temperature during the winter months cause sufficient expansion 

 and contraction of the ice covering the inland lakes of Wisconsin to shove up the shore 

 material into ridges, known as ice ramparts. The discussion pertains chiefly to ramparts 

 on Lakes Mendota and Monona at Madison, Wis., formed in the winter of 1898-99, 

 light precipitation and temperature conditions of that winter being exceptionally 

 favorable for their development. The ice reached a maximum thickness of 30 to 40 

 inches, and shallow portions of the lake were frozen to the bottom. 



Three forms of ramparts were observed: (i) along a sand or gravel beach of 



