REVIEWS 597 



Collie, George L. Physiography of IVisconsin. Bull. Am. Bureau Geog., 

 Vol. II, 20 pp., Winona, Minnesota, igoi. 

 Not examined. 

 Fenneman, N. M. DevelopDieiit of the Profile of Equilibrium of the Sub- 

 aqueous Shore Terrace, Journal of Geology, Vol. X, pp. 1-32, 1902. 

 The profile of a shore at any given time is a compromise between the form it 

 possessed when the water assumed its present level, and a form which the water is 

 striving to give to it. While there are ever changing conditions with which no fixed 

 form can be in equilibrium, there are certain adjustments of current, slope, and load 

 which, when once attained, are held with some constancv, and the form thus involved 

 is called the profile of equilibrium. The entire form may shift its position toward or 

 irom the land, but its slope will change little or not at all. 



Waves are first considered in their free form in deep water where no external 

 work is done, after which the various ways in which the bottom or shore may offer 

 resistance and be subject to work by waves and currents is discussed in detail. 



Fenneman, N. M. On the Lakes of Southern Wisconsin. Wis. Geol. and 

 Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull., No. 8, 178 pp., 36 Pis., 38 Figs, in the text, 1902. 



This bulletin is one of an educational series designed to assist students of physi- 

 ography, and especially the teachers of the southeastern part of the state, in using the 

 natural features of the region as an aid to instruction in physical geography and 

 geology. The origin and history of the lakes and the features of their shores is dis- 

 ■cussed in some detail. The bulletin should be used in connection with a series of 

 hydrographic maps which had been previously issued by the same survey. 



Lake basins are classified under the headings : pits, erosion valleys blocked by 

 drift, valleys between terminal moraine ridges, troughs of small glacial lobes, inequal- 

 ities in the ground moraine. Under the heading, extinction of lakes, it is estimated 

 that a great part of the material which contributes toward the filling of the lakes is 

 obtained by the action of the waves upon the shores. Another important factor of 

 extinction is the down-cutting of the outlet. The marl and vegetal accumulations are 

 also factors of great influence. A chapter is devoted to the work of lakes upon their 

 shores, in which the following topics are considered : waves and currents, shore 

 forms due chiefly to cutting, shore forms due to transformation and deposition, shore 

 forms due to ice, and cycles of shore lines. 



The lakes discussed in this bulletin are : The lakes at Madison (chiefly Men- 

 dota and Monona), Lake Geneva, Delavan Lake, Lauderdale and Beulah lakes, 

 Pewaukee, and Nagawicka lakes, Nashotah-Nemahbin chain of lakes, the Genesee 

 lakes, Beaver, Pine, North, Mouse, Okauchee, and Oconomowoc lakes, Lac Labelle, 

 Fowler and Silver lakes. Big and Little Cedar lakes, Elkhart Lake, and the Waupaca 

 chain of lakes. 



Upham, Warren. Pleistocene Ice a7id River Erosion in the St. Croix Val- 

 ley of Mitmesota and Wisconsin. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. XII, pp. 

 13-24, 1901. 



The paper attempts to give a broad outline of the history of the St. Croix River, 

 and especially of its upper and lower Dalles. The preglacial rivers which have con- 

 tributed toward the production of the St. Croix valley, the glacial lake outlet which 

 made use of this valley, and the work of the stream itself are each considered. Lakes 



